Hispanic Family Assesment Paper - 4076 Words

Abstract In this paper the theories of multigenerational family therapy and structural family therapy are applied to the Melendez family. Beginning with the biography of the Hispanic family, assessment of the strengths and vulnerabilities of the family, stage of the family life cycle, cultural elements that impact the family and explanation of the types and qualities of relationships depicted in the Melendez genogram and ecomap the foundation for therapeutic goals and interventions are set. Goals and interventions based on the multigenerational family therapy theory are theoretically applied with the goal of the family to recognize emotional patterns to decrease anxiety. The Structural Theory application will focus on the presenting†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I know my mom and dad love each other but their marriage is not healthy and has not been for a long time.† â€Å"They don’t even sleep in the same room†. (personal communication, 08/03/2013). Selyna states she feels like her mother is depressed, but would never admit to it. Selyna and her sister Stephanie are very close to their mother. Selyna’s brother Sergio is gay which has caused the greatest conflict with his father and has resulted in a poor relationship with conflict and discord. Selyna states â€Å"When my brother came out it was the most stress I have ever seen my family endure it was very hard for all of us. I have never stopped loving my brother and was able to look past it, but my father never has and I don’t think he ever will† (personal communication, 08/03/2013). Selyna describes her relationship with her brother Sergio and her sister Stephanie as close and has depicted on the genogram as extremely close or fused. Selyna married Adrian Melendez on June 10, 1996. Adrian’s father is George Melendez and mother is Irene Melendez. George recently moved in with Selyna and her husband after Irene’s passing of breast cancer. George has some health problems in relation to his heart disease and Selyna and Adrian felt compelled that he lives with them. George is close to all of his four children. Adrian is the youngest of four children and has a close relationship with his father. Salina and Adrian have three childrenShow MoreRelatedJcpenney Industry Analysis17889 Words   |  72 PagesFeinstein Graduate School AN ANALYSIS OF JC PENNY’S AND HOW IT RELATES TO COMPETITION WITHIN THE RETAILING INDUSTRY A Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the MBA Degree Course: MGMT 6800 MAY 9th, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 COMPANY PROFILES 4 1. JC Penney 4 Strategy initiative 4 Mission†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 2.KOHL’S†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5

The Fall of Phaeton - 640 Words

The Catholic Baroque period of the 17th century set forth an artistic style that used a much more dramatic use of color. Furthermore, contrasts between light and dark became more apparent as darks became darker, and brights became brighter. Images often depicted grandiose visions, martyrdom, intense psychological moments, intense light, ecstasies and conversions. Paintings became more direct and dramatic as well, attempting to draw the viewer into the scene to participate. Depictions during this era also felt emotionally straining, on top of feeling physically and psychologically real. The era was dominated by several figures; for example, Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini, Caravaggio and Rembrandt, but the metaphorical crown of the Catholic Baroque era goes to Peter Paul Rubens. Peter Paul Rubens was and is one of the most celebrated artists in Europe; both throughout the course of his lifetime, as well as throughout the entire Catholic Baroque era. His works are currently on display in some of the most prominent museums around the world; including the Musee du Louvre in Paris, The Metropolitan Museum in New York City, The Getty Museum in Los Angeles and many more. Peter Paul Rubens is accredited as the master of the Baroque period by many, and with his art he unknowingly created a set of rules that almost all Catholic Baroque art follows. One of Peter Paul Rubens most distinguished and discussed works is The Fall of Phaeton, an oil painting on canvas. Created between 1604 andShow MoreRelatedThe Fall of Phaeton807 Words   |  4 Pagesbecame very apparent in 1604-05 with the oil on canvas composition The Fall of Phaeton, . The Fall of Phaeton is about Helios, the Greek god that rode the chariot of the sun, who bore a boy, Phaeton, by a mortal mother. Aided by the recklessness of juvenility, Phaeton deceived his father into allowing him take the chariot. The horses at once bolted out, searing nearly anything in their way with the suns heat because Phaeton was half mortal meaning he was too weak to control the mighty horses. Read MoreWhat Makes A Great Poem Readers Will Fall Of Love With? Nothing?1027 Words   |  5 PagesWhat does it take to make a great poem readers will fall in love with? Nothing! A great poem does not need rhyme or make any sense at all. Great poems just need to send out a message readers would u nderstand and enjoy, or even things that would make them think. Unlike a poem, a myth could be an exact opposite. A good myth usually explains the origin for events or gives answers for why things are the way they are. â€Å"All mythology speaks of another plane that exists alongside our own world, and thatRead MoreViolence Against Art1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe first meaning of the word art is referring to artisanship. The working of natural resources and the products of its labor. By using this definition abusing industry by cheating it out of money is a crime of the seventh circle, third ring. It falls under the definition of usury. The word usury during Dante’s time did not mean the charging of an enormous interest on loans of money, but the charging of any interest at all. The idea that money makes money was impertinent to Dante, because he believedRead MoreThe Myth Of Atalant A Reflection Of The Greek Values And Culture By Reading These Myths1386 Words   |  6 Pagessworn by the Styx. When he gave the offer to grant Phaeton a wish, Apollo said, â€Å"Ask anything you want of me and you shall have it. I call the Styx to be a witness to my promise†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (182). Since Apollo was a god, he could not break a promise that he made that was witnessed by the Styx, the river of the oath of the Gods. This shows that Greek culture greatly valued dependability and loyalty. Even though Apollo knew that bad things would happen if Phaeton rode the chariot, he had to keep his promise. InRead MoreBaroque Vs. Baroque Renaissance2004 Words   |  9 PagesBaroque, each style exhibiting a unique sense of time. Renaissance art is timeless. The scene summarises everything, as in Raphael’s School of Athens. But in Baroque art, time, like the lines, is dynamic and ongoing, as dramatic as Rubens’s The Fall of Phaeton. Obviously, not all Renaissance or Baroque works can fit neatly into these pairs, as ‘style’ is simply too broa d a categorisation to provide anything more than a general distinction. Furthermore, it should be remarked that Wà ¶lfflin’s categoriesRead MoreThe Metamorphosis And The Chief Agent Of Transformations2073 Words   |  9 Pagesstories of mythical adventures, it is a reflection on the theme of metamorphosis or transformation. An example of transformation is in book I when Apollo speaks unfavorably to Cupid, who shoots two arrows in revenge. The first arrow causes Apollo to fall in love. Apollo goes after Daphne, but she rejects him. Apollo begs and insists, and Daphne cries out to her father for help. He reacts by transforming her into a laurel tree. Not entirely discouraged, Apollo flounders the tree. At this point, JupiterRead MoreEssay on The Sweet Song of Dante Alighieris Siren1652 Words   |  7 Pagesdazzle the man who falls under their influence, so that their true nature is concealed from him (Tozer 306). The traveler Dante, however, proves unable to overcome tempta tion at this point. The reader finds that at this point in the Commedia, the traveler Dante still demonstrates strong signs of moral weakness. Though he has passed through Inferno and has witnessed the wages of sin, he has not yet rid himself of the tendencies to committing those same sins. Indeed, he falls almost immediatelyRead MoreGreek Mythology : A World Full Of Fear1934 Words   |  8 Pagessummarize (5-8 sentences) the story of: 1. Phaethon Phaeton visited his presumed to be father, the Sun. The Sun said yes and provided proof. He told Phaeton he could ask for anything and he would give it to him. He asked to take the Sun’s place and drive his car. The Sun told him no, and tried to tell him anything else but that. Finally the Sun gave in and let him drive his car. Mother Earth couldn’t bear this and alerted the gods. The gods then struck Phaeton down with a lightning bolt, killing him. 2.Read MoreThe Is The Goddess Of Wisdom And I Think About God2057 Words   |  9 Pagesreturn to Earth for 8 months every year. Then she will spend the rest of the year in the underworld. This relates to the seasons because when Persephone is on Earth, Demeter is happy and allows everything to grow. This is during the Spring, Summer, and Fall. However as her 8 months reaches the end, nature becomes cruel and nothing can grow. This is the winter. 6.Dionysus is a symbol of resurrection because he is the god of wine. He is represented as a vine that is constantly being pruned, and duringRead MoreThe future communicator Essay8989 Words   |  36 PagesPaul Boutilier at University of Prince Edward Island until December 2014. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860. Volkswagen in India Page 2 of 33 Jetta was launched in 1983 and Phaeton in 2002. Thereafter, New Beetle was launched to recreate the magic of the original Beetle. The group entered India in 2001 with Skoda. Its plant in Aurangabad assembled a few models of Audi and Volkswagen as well. Audi and Volkswagen were launched

Diverse People in a Group for Americans- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theWorking with Diverse People in a Groupfor Americans. Answer: My group is made up of people from different cultural backgrounds. Apart from the local students, there are learners from overseas mainly Africans, Asians, and Americans. These are people who have different beliefs and traditions regarding health care. Each of these members value the cultural traditions held by the respective community because it is important to them in many ways. The fact that each of the group members originate from a different background implies that they have differing views regarding health care. The Africans in the group appear to be conservative people who believe in traditional healthcare services such as bush medicine. On the other hand, the Asians in the group hold different views because, unlike the rest of the group members, they believe that healthcare issues should be, to some extent, related to spiritual beliefs. According to the Asians in the group, healthcare issues cannot be discussed without involving the divine powers. As Muslims, the Asians believe that God can play a central role in the healing process (Braithwaite Schrodt, 2014). On their part, the Americans believe in western culture. According to the western culture, diseases are common because they are caused by environmental, genetic, and pathogens. At the same time, people should rely on modern healthcare services to help in addressing the illnesses affecting them. The use of modern medicine can be of great contribution in handling the ailments that affect people. The ways in which the Africans, Asians, and Americans communicate differ from one person to the other. Although each of the group members value communication as an important tool in the society, they have different views regarding the usage of verbal and non-verbal communication strategies. The Africans in the group believe that believe that communication should be perfectly used to deliver a message to the audience. During communication, the Africans believe that there should be a close distance between the communicating individuals. Meaning, they should feel free to touch and shake hands without any restrictions (Craig, 2013). Gender is not an issue of concern when it comes to communication because people are treated in a similar way. This view is almost similar to the Americans who believe in the use of proximity during communication. The Americans also value closeness and the use of eye contact. When communicating, it is normal for an American to have and maintain a direct contact. However, the Asian members of the group demonstrated different beliefs regarding communication (Bylund, Peterson Cameron, 2012). Unlike their American and African counterparts, the Asians discourage the use of direct eye contact, hand shake and close proximity between the people of diffe rent genders. Islamic culture does not encourage a free interaction between the males and females because they should keep some distance while interacting with one another. My interactions with the group members sensitized me to learn that there are certain problems which are only experienced by people depending on their location. What I found is that the Africans have serious health issues like HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, and mental illness. These are diseases which have been causing lots of problems to the Africans. The diseases are prevalent amongst these people because of their socioeconomic status. For example, malnutrition has become a major issue because of food insecurity that has been fueled by climate change. However, when I interacted with the Americans, I found out that they face health challenges like obesity and diabetes (Almutairi, McCarthy Gardner, 2014). These are lifestyle diseases which are associated with harmful behaviors such as physical inactivity, poor eating habits, and smoking. These have become common practices amongst the American population. Meanwhile, from my interaction with the group members, I learnt that the Asians have certain health issues like cancer and mental illnesses which needs to be addressed. My interaction with the colleagues from overseas was indeed a good experience. It made me to learn a lot about people from other countries. One of the lessons I learnt is that each of the members has specific needs which are unique to them. Therefore, as a serious student, I know I should make some positive contributions towards enhancing the learning process of these students (Grant, Parry Guerin, 2013). What I can do is to teach the students about communication. Since I know that these students can face similar challenges when it comes to communication, I will take my time to teach them about intercultural communication. I will adequately sensitize them on cultural awareness, cultural intelligence, and the significance of fostering cultural tolerance, acceptance, and appreciation. It will give the learners important skills to use in interacting and communicating with people from diverse cultural backgrounds. Australia has been receiving an influx of foreign students because it has created a favorable environment for each of them regardless of their diversities. There are many resources which can be availed for these overseas students. These include interpreters, counselors, and mentors. Interpreters, for instance, can help in facilitating the communication process in case of any linguistic barriers (Arnold Boggs, 2015). References Almutairi, A.F., McCarthy, A. Gardner, G.E. (2014). Understanding Cultural Competence in a Multicultural Nursing Workforce Registered Nurses Experience in Saudi Arabia.Journal of Transcultural Nursing, p.1043659614523992. Arnold, E.C. Boggs, K.U. (2015). Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences. Braithwaite, D.O. Schrodt, P. eds. (2014). Engaging theories in interpersonal communication:Multiple perspectives. New York: Sage Publications. Bylund, C.L., Peterson, E.B. Cameron, K.A. (2012). A practitioner's guide to interpersonal communication theory: An overview and exploration of selected theories. Patient education and counseling, 87(3), pp.261-267. Craig, R.T. (2013). Constructing theories in communication research. Theories and models of communication, 1, pp.39-57. Grant, J., Parry, Y., Guerin, P. (2013). An investigation of culturally competent terminology in healthcare policy finds ambiguity and lack of definition. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 37(3), 250-256.

Urban Renewal Newcastle free essay sample

INS Australia has undergone significant changes over the past 30 years. The diversification of the citys economy is significant through the factors of education, health care and finance sectors, which are all experiencing strong growth. The population of the city has also grown dramatically and sustained the increase. This combination of economic and population changes has provided the perfect opportunity for reshaping the city centre. This Newcastle Urban Renewal Strategy 2012 considers the suitability of the Newcastle city centre for urban renewal. It outlines a clear strategy underpinned by a range of initiatives, and an implementation plan to support the revitalization of Newcastle over the next 25 years. The strategy proposes a framework for the city to successfully prosper and identifies initiatives to improve the citys economy, access, connections and the quality and attractiveness of the public domain. Several key initiatives will have significant short-term benefits as well as being catalysts for stimulating more changes in the city. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Renewal Newcastle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These include: 1. Establishing a university campus in the city centre to stimulate and drive demand for commercial and retail floor space, introduce a student resident and worker population, and create synergies with established businesses and industry sectors 2. Reevaluating Hunter Street Mall into a distinct retail, entertainment, leisure and residential precinct to catalyst other renewal in the east end, including nearby major landholdings 3. Reshaping Hunter Street as a key city destination to promote activity, business opportunities, events and other uses in identified nodes. Reshaping can start with less permanent measures on a trial or temporary basis 4. Providing additional connections across the rail corridor for pedestrians, cyclists and cars 5. Appointing a Local Business Coordinator to prepare and implement a Business Improvement Plan 6. Attracting more residents into the city centre to support and build a vibrant and viable city centre 7. Promoting a higher mode shift to public transport to reduce the number of cars in the city centre, encourage activity and support for business, and utilize existing infrastructure and services.

Caravaggio essays

Caravaggio essays Caravaggio is considered to be one of the most acclaimed painters of all time, and his painting The Calling of St. Matthew is my favorite of all his work. He was born in 1573 in Italy. His is the son of an architect and steward. We dont know much of his childhood, but we do know that he was orphaned at the age of 11. Later that year he became an apprentice to painter Simone Peterzano of Milan, who is known for works such as La Nativita. At the age of 17 Caravaggio set out to Rome. He was bright, intuitive, and eager to learn. He understood the Venetian style of painting, he knew what the Venetians were all about, but did not find the Venetian style fulfilling. He took the defining elements of the Venetian style, opposition of Florentine painting, and picked up a style that was a nearer representation to natural events. Caravaggio invented a painting style based on chiaroscuro in which areas of shadow and light contrast sharply called tenebrism. Caravaggios painting The Calling of St. Matthew was completed in 1600 and took about a year to finish. It is representational and ecclesiastical. There is a system of lines that relate to the space of the painting. The vertical edge of the shutter is exactly in the middle of the painting. It splits the painting into two almost equal halves, with four people to the right, and three to the left. The way the light entering the room from the top right corner, to the middle of the painting gives a sense a diagonal symmetry but also adds the vertical symmetry because the shadow ends in the center of the painting. Even though I feel as if there is a system of lines, most scholars say that there is a rejection of axille symmetry. Baroque art built up on Renaissance techniques and ideas but at the same time it moved away from these ideas. The baroque style was interested in beauty in new ways such as shape shadow and line. Symmetry was out, light...

12 More Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts

12 More Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts 12 More Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts 12 More Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts By Mark Nichol Following up on a post about words that originally pertained (or in one sense pertain) to military units but have developed nonmilitary connotations based on that sense, here are additional terms referring to military individuals or groups that have civilian senses as well. 1. captain: ultimately from Latin caput (â€Å"head†), originally referring to the leader of a war party and later to a military officer in command of a set unit or a ship; later, applied in general to a leader or head of a group or team. 2. cavalry: from Italian cavaliere (â€Å"horseman†), a body of soldiers mounted on horses (and later those assigned to mechanized units); by extension, from the clichà © in movie westerns of a US cavalry unit coming to the rescue of the protagonists, used in references to one or more people who bring aid to others. 3. lieutenant: from Old French lieu tenant (â€Å"in place of†), originally, an officer who was deputy to a captain but later also a specific military rank; in civilian usage, a right-hand man or woman or a subordinate. 4. muster: from Latin monstrare (â€Å"to show†)- interestingly, akin to monster- referring to an assembly of military personnel or serving as a verb synonymous with assemble, but also pertains to any assembly, collection, or inventory or to a sample or specimen. 5. picket: from French piquer (â€Å"pierce†), a group of soldiers assigned to guard a camp, or the action of doing so; in civilian usage, a distinct meaning of â€Å"protesting during a demonstration or strike† or a reference to a sharp stake, such as one that is part of a picket fence. 6. rank-and-file: from Old English ranc (â€Å"strong†) and Latin filum (â€Å"cord† or â€Å"thread), the arrangement of military personnel in rows and columns; by extension, a reference to ordinary employees or members as opposed to those in leadership roles . 7. reserve: from Latin reservare (â€Å"keep back†), one or more units of soldiers kept more or less in readiness in case they are needed as reinforcements; in general usage, anything kept in stock or kept apart from a general issue or supply. 8. scout: from Latin auscultare (â€Å"heed,† â€Å"listen†), a person, sometimes a local civilian- or a group called a scouting party- sent to explore, observe, or search to obtain information about the enemy; in entertainment or sports, someone who observes prospective performers or recruits. 9. sergeant: from Latin serviens (â€Å"servant†), originally referred to a servant but later applied to an experienced common soldier who supervised others under command of a nobleman or knight; the term now denotes an experienced soldier or police officer holding the rank of sergeant or (in the military) a variation of the rank such as staff sergeant. 10. task force: from taxare (â€Å"tax†), a unit formed temporarily to achieve a specific objective; the sense in civilian usage is the same. 11. troops: from Old French trope (â€Å"band,† â€Å"company†), also the source of troupe, collectively refers to soldiers (in singular form the name of a specific military unit, not a designation for a single soldier); in general usage, an informal reference to a company’s employees or an organization’s members (as in â€Å"Round up the troops for a meeting†). 12. wingman: originally a term for a pilot who supports the leader of a flying formation, now also slang for someone who backs up a person who seeks to approach potential romantic or sexual partners. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in""Certified" and "Certificated"20 Ways to Laugh

How are women portrayed in the films of the 1960s and 1970s Essay

How are women portrayed in the films of the 1960s and 1970s - Essay Example The feminist beliefs differed from groups to groups and from one woman to another. By 1970s, the Second Wave Feminist Movements had inspired several men and women in the United States (Klinger, 2008). There was a change on the women perception in politics, media, private household and academia. Films produced in the 1960s and 1970s provide the best lenses upon which to perceive the depiction of the public on the role and status of women during the time. Dr. Strangelove, a film produced in 1964 is one such perfect film depicting the position of the woman in 1960s (Rosenstone, 2009). in the opening scene of the comedy, a member of staff of the United States Royal Air force is seemingly dressed to relax and flying above the Soviet Union. The member of US RAF whips out the latest playboy magazine and peruses through its pages. Whereas the actions in the short scene may not seem as a big deal, the scene optimizes the objectification of women that runs throughout the rest of the film. Stan ley Kubrick use satire in the movie to portray the lighter side of sad time on gender in the United States. Dr. Strangelove was produced during the period of Wave Feminism. While women of this period were allowed to vote, they lacked all the rights men held at the moment. Throughout this movie, women are either used merely for the benefit of men or are totally absent from the scenes. An excellent example of absence of women from matters important to the running of the nation is at the Joint Chiefs of Staff Meeting. There is not a single woman in the board rooms of the meetings that take a majority of the film. The quality of the film and the role of different genders in the movie portray the different perceptions of the people living at the time. Unlike present times where women take proactive part in cinemas, the 1964 production points to a time in history when women had not gained rights and respect (Rosenstone, 2009). They were not instrumental in the running of the state and mak ing important decisions of governance. Their role was supplementary to the duties of men. If a woman was to participate in any nation building activity, it would be under the shadow of her husband. Coming to the public limelight as an agent of change and constructive development of the nation was unheard of as depicted extensively in the film. While the services of women of the time were not directly outlined in the film, the role of women in satisfaction of basic needs of men was profound. Women were portrayed as objects of sexual satisfaction. The United States RAF pilot introduces this apparent place of women in the society of 1960s as he gets satisfaction from the Playboy Magazine by mere gaze at naked pictures of women. The first time the audience gets to meet a feminine character is with the entourage of Miss Scott. She echoes the director’s depiction of women as objects of sexual entertainment for men. Her sprawled out tuning under colored bright light in revealing bik ini leaving little to the imagination of the mind brings the point home that, indeed, women of the 1960s held no other position to men than massage their sexual ego (Klinger, 2008). The Graduate is the other film that tells gender and the way 1960s and early 1970s defined a change of the perception of both men and women on gender. The film narrates a story of two characters almost coming into terms with the dynamic meaning of gender at

President Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

President - Research Paper Example A number of events took place during the cold war both regionally and globally catalysing the formation and adoption of the Truman doctrine. Russia sponsored communism was on the rise and influencing the entire Europe. Hungary’s democratic government was overthrown by the communist party in 1947 attracting strong condemnation by President Truman. In 1948 again the communist party with the support of Russia used force to grab power in Czechoslovakia. The attempted Berlin blockade would have also significantly affected the course of events had it succeeded. The Russian threat became particularly significant in 1949 when Russia deployed its tool to influence the entire Europe. Russia also went on to explode its nuclear bomb nullifying America’s lead. The Korean escalated the tensions between the two rival super powers. It became apparent that to restore confidence in Europe, economic assistance, rearmament of West Germany and military aid were necessary measures. The Presi dent thus sought Congress’s approval of $ 400 million towards aiding turkey and Greece both in terms of military and economically (Merrill, 20006). The relationship between the United States and the USSR was unhealthy during the cold war. Russia’s aggression and expansion of its communist influence into Eastern Europe after the defeat of Germany was not taken well by the United States and other Western democracies. The US dominated the politics and economics of Western Europe and therefore was very threatened by Russia’s influence in the East. The two powers differed on ideology & politics and were competing for internal influence along the different lines. The competition lasted between 1947 and 1991 when the Soviet Union officially collapsed. The spreading communism ideology supported by Russia saw communist parties overthrow democratically elected governments in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Russia’s detonation of its first atomic weapon and its

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Essay Example for Free

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Essay Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was the great great-granddaughter of â€Å"a potato-famine Irish immigrant† who worked as a superintendent of the public schools of New York City (TV. com, 2007). Her father was a handsome Wall Street banker by the name of John Bouvier III (â€Å"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis†). She spent the early years of her life between East Hampton and New York City. Attending some of the finest private schools, Jacqueline learned to ride as well as write stories and poems. As a matter of fact, she won an equestrian championship at the tender age of five (TV. com). She was an artist to boot, and she knew ballet. Jacqueline had a sister with whom she arrived later in Newport near Washington D. C. where her stepfather’s home was located (â€Å"Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy†). During the depression, her parents had lost their wealth and divorced (â€Å"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis†). In 1947, Jacqueline was named â€Å"the Debutante of the Year (â€Å"Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy†). Despite her â€Å"social success,† she desired to continue studying (â€Å"Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy†). As a student of Vassar, she had the opportunity to travel far and wide. She spent an entire year in France before her graduation (â€Å"Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy†). After all, in her youth Jacqueline had dreamt of taking up photography as a profession in France. She had also dreamt of living an absolutely bohemian life in Paris (Melloy, 2006). All of her dreams were not realized. Nevertheless, Jacqueline grew to love the people of France (â€Å"Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy†). She also got to work as an Inquiring Photographer for The Washington Times-Herald. This was her very first job. When Jacqueline won a writing contest that was sponsored by Vogue magazine, she was offered the chance to work with Vogue as well. But, she turned down her prize offer to work with the magazine (TV. com). Besides John F. Kennedy and the rich Greek-Argentine, Aristotle Onassis, whom she married a few years after the death of the President Kennedy, Jacqueline is known to have dated Frank Sinatra, Gianni Agnelli, Marlon Brando, Peter Lawford, Warren Beatty, William Holden, John Husted, Jr. , and Maurice Tempelsman (â€Å"Who is dating Jacqueline Onassis,† 2007). No wonder she was considered the most beautiful and glamorous lady in the United States (Melloy). Besides, she was a rather enchanting lady as far as her spoken language was concerned. Some of her interesting quotes include the following: (1) â€Å"I dont think there are any men who are faithful to their wives;† (2) â€Å"There are two kinds of women, those who want power in the world and those who want power in bed;† (3) The one thing I do not want to be called is First Lady. It sounds like a saddle horse;† (4) â€Å"I always wanted to be some kind of writer or newspaper reporter. But after college I did other things (TV. com). † The wedding dress that Jacqueline wore the day she married Kennedy is known to have taken two months to tailor and fifty â€Å"yards of ivory silk taffeta (TV. com). † Despite her love for Kennedy, the latter is known to have had a large number of flings with different women. He also gave to Jacqueline a â€Å"dose of Chlamydia,† which she believed was responsible for her miscarriage, followed by a premature delivery of a child who did not survive (Melloy). Melloy suggests that Jacqueline’s non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma toward the end of her life may also have been caused by Chlamydia. What is more, it was not just Kennedy who had betrayed her. Jacqueline experienced physical abuse during her marriage with Aristotle Onassis. Thus, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was a glamorous and a tragic figure at the same time (Melloy). References Jackie Kennedy. Think Quest. Retrieved Nov 18, 2007, from http://library. thinkquest. org/TQ0312172/flkennedy. html. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. The Biography Channel. Retrieved Nov 18, 2007, from http://www. thebiographychannel. co. uk/biography_story/130:2380/1/Jackie_Kennedy. htm Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy. The White House. Retrieved Nov 18, 2007, from http://www. whitehouse. gov/history/firstladies/jk35. html. Melloy, K. (2006, Apr 8). The Secret Memoirs of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. Retrieved Nov 18, 2007, from http://www. edgeboston. com/index. php? ci=ch=entertainmentsc=bookssc2=reviews

West Nile Virus: The Silent, Deadly Killer :: Essays Papers

West Nile Virus: The Silent, Deadly Killer Webster’s defines a virus as being a ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts. In the article, â€Å"A New Transcontinental Disease: The West Nile Virus,† by Alicia Campbell and H. Michael Dreher, the authors describe exactly what the virus is, the history of the virus, and how to treat it. It was published in 2002 in Medsurg Nursing because the virus itself was becoming more and more of a threat to the public welfare. In order to fully understand the virus and its complex makeup, extensive research and case studies had to be made. After years of tracking the virus and its origins, tests conducted on how it was transferred from host to host and how exactly the public in general can protect itself from deadly viruses established a research base for further studies. The New York West Nile epidemic brought a lot of attention to the forgotten lethal virus. The virus is carried by the common North American mosquito. Viruses have existed among us for many years, and cause many very deadly outbreaks all across the globe. The virus can rapidly spread throughout an area in no time; host-to-host it spreads like a wild fire. From the author’s source, it is speculated that the HIV virus originated in Africa and Haitians carried the virus back to their homeland. The authors also tell us that many viruses originate within the depths of over populated forests causing the animals and insects to move on. As they progress to find a better location, they carry deadly viruses with them, infecting brand new regions. Today the West Nile virus continues to be a threat. The authors tell us that it is more than likely that we will see more cases of the virus across the United States as it is now widespread. Scientists tell us that the West Nile virus originated in Africa in 1937 and the first reported epidemic was reported in Israel. It is not known exactly how the virus reached Israel from Africa. The virus can also be found in animals, increasing the chances that a mosquito could land on an animal with the virus, infect it, and continue to carry the virus on to another host.

Marketing reflective essay Essay

As Jobber(2012) was claiming, the marketing concept is â€Å"Achieving corporate goals by meeting and exceeding customer needs, better than the competition†. Marketing is the process of telling a true story in an unforgettable manner. As a consequence, it became an essential tool in the competitive business environment. The main objective is to maximize the company’s profit by showing up with stunning adverts. Bearing in mind the development of technology, â€Å"It is well known that markets grow by the reduction of unit prices: this is how the computer became a household necessity†, this could not be possible without a good marketing strategy (Kapferer 2012, p.205). Ever since I finished High School, I stood among people that set up businesses without any help, dealing with problems and learning from the occurred challenges. My thirst for knowledge had increased when somebody introduced me a multilevel marketing business and the innovative method that implied th is cash back system. Therefore, I was influenced in a positive way, understanding what I truly want for my future. I got involved in that multilevel marketing business with a couple of friends, developing a team in which we had a simple goal: growing on both financial and educational aspects. In other words, this was my first step in dealing with many people and improving my persuasive skills. During this process, I had learnt to plan every step along the way, to analyse each business situations, to research and compile data in order to make accurate decisions. It was not long until I realized that my biggest aim was much more than just taking part in someone else’s business, so I started to invest in my education. As a result, I decided to leave my country to one of the most flourishing countries in Europe, Great Britain. From my point of view, Marketing is one of the most useful modules that I have been studying during my University programme, due to the fact that it is highly important to know how to start and grow a business. Along this year, understanding the consumer behaviour and how to cope with the competition are only a few skills that I gained. One quote that drives my desire to achieve more is â€Å"Go for the edges. Challenge yourself and your team to describe what those edges are, and then test which edge is most likely to deliver the marketing results you seek†( Seth Godin). â€Å"Globalization or the trend of growing worldwide  interconnectedness has been accompanied by several clashing notions of cultural difference† (Pieterse 2003, p.43). The international marketing is bringing the idea of companies being carried out across the borders. In order to do this, it is recommended to understand the advantages, challenges and disadvantages of expanding the firms across the world. First of all, few of the biggest advantages of passing through the ‘global localization’ process are represented by the cheap labour, raw materials and a wide variety of markets. On the other hand, companies should analyse the methods of entry, consumptions patterns, competition, media, culture and legislation of the country. In other words, in order to succeed in other markets it is important to cope with all these challenges and, more than this, to understand the differences in the customer perceptions. â€Å"Innovations are brand oxygen. They re-create leadership, focus the market on value not on price, and give a goal to the organization† (Kapferer 2012, p.202). Talking from my experience, this is the main goal of multilevel marketing companies which became known worldwide by involving more and more countries in their system. Moreover, another important aspect that should be implemented in a successful business is the marketing ethics which highlights the rights of the consumers. In order to not loose clients, the company should inform about the changes that might take place in the future. Also, customer satisfaction is the key of success for any business; thus companies should be open to receive feedback from customers. From this topic, I gained the knowledge about how a thriving business should face the impediments to fulfil the consumers needs and expectations. On the other hand, the managing marketing implementation is the process that helps customers to keep in mind the strengths of the company. In order to accomplish this, three stages are required to be followed such as an analysis of the markets and trading environment, determination of core markets and brand positioning and last, but not least, setting up flexible programmes for implementation. Controlling the marketing plan should include the flexibility of objectives, empowerment for environmental changes and monitoring, in order to allow new opportunities for the business. Being involved in a group project was a challenge for me, due to the fact that we had some communication problems between our group memb ers in the beginning. First of all, we started with a brainstorming, analysing the opportunities of companies around Hendon Central. More than this, we agreed on the same firm and started our work. Within a teamwork, there are some challenges that occur such as remaining focused on a direction, splitting equally the work and choosing a good leader. Bearing all this in mind, I might say that we did our best during the presentation and we coped with the minor communication issues. From this experience, I realized that I am a good leader and I can manage efficiently a project. Therefore, my first future plan consists in getting employed in successful corporations; working particularly in the development of green and going global projects. I strongly believe that the skills obtained until now will make me succeed in both micro and macro analysis of the company that will lead me to come up with flexible solutions for a further development. From my point of view, the analytical skill will be my strength in the marketing research and in controlling the marketing plan process. More than this, I am able to analyse the marketing opportunities by having a deeper understanding of the 4 P’s (Product, Place, Price and Promotion). Secondly, I want to improve my strategy in order to understand how I should invest in the brand’s weapon – media communication. In conclusion, during this course, I realized that the innovation is a significant component of a successful business. As a result, I will be able to achieve my highest aim- to have my own global business; by using the franchising option. References 1. Godin, S. (2012). SETH GODIN: This Is How You Create A Remarkable Product . Available: http://www.businessinsider.com/seth-godin-this-is-how-you-create-a-remarkable-product-2012-10. Last accessed 20th April 2014. 2. Jobber, D.(2012); Principles and Practice of Marketing, McGraw- Hill 3. Kapferer, K.N. (2012). The New Strategic Brand Management. London: KoganPage. 4. Pieterse, J.N. (2003). Globalization and Culture. United States of America. London: Rowman & Littlefield.

Principles of Management Essay

This has become a very popular definition of management for several reasons. Firstly, this definition is very simple and easy to understand. Secondly, it highlights the indirect nature of a manager’s job. A manager does not operate a machine or sell a product himself. Rather he guides others in producing and selling goods and services. Thirdly, this definition reveals that a manager is the leader of people working under him. Fourthly, it states that management is basically an art or practice of achieving results. The above definition is, however, inadequate for the present day concept of management. It suffers from the following drawbacks. (i) This definition does not reveal that management is a science. The modern concept of management is much wider than simply a skill in getting things done through other people. Since the days of F.W. Taylor management has become a science based on certain fundamental principles. (ii) The above definition does not highlight how does management get things done through people. It fails to reveal the functions of a manager and the skills used for getting things done. (iii) This definition does not recognize the role of human beings. It treats people as mere tools forgetting results and does not consider their feelings, emotions and needs. People are inanimate objects and cannot be treated as mere tools. People have their aspirations and are not mere commodities or means to achieve certain ends. Management is certainly much more than just getting things done through others. (iv)The above definition gives an impression that management gets things done by hook or crook. Results alone are not significant. The means employed to achieve results are equally important. This definition is of man’s putative character. (v) This definition does not reveal that a formal organizational set up is needed for getting things done. A careful analysis of the above mentioned definitions reveal the following important characteristic feature of a Joint Stock Company. 1. An artificial person: – The company enjoys all the rights as a citizen of a country would enjoy. It ‘can own properties, enter into contracts etc. 2. Legal formation: – The formation of a Joint Stock Company is governed by the rules and regulations laid down in the Companies Act, 1956. 3. Voluntary organisation: – It is formed by members voluntarily joining the organisation and contributing money or money’s worth for the business. 4. Separate legal entity: – The Company has a separate legal existence. The owners are different from the people who manage the business. The management is however headed by owners who are elected directors. The company is separate from the persons who own it. The company cannot be held responsible for any misdeeds of the members. 5. Perpetual succession: – Unlike Sole proprietorship and Partnership, the Company has continuous existence. The continuity of the business is not affected by the death, insolvency or insanity of any member. â€Å"Men may come and men may go, but a company will go until it is wound up.† 6. Limit to liability: – The liability of the members of a company is restricted to the extent of the unpaid value of the shares held by him. The personal asset of a shareholder cannot be used to pay the company’s liabilities. 7. Large capital: – A Joint Stock Company can generate huge amount of money towards capital, because the number of persons contributing towards capital are more in number when compared to Sole Proprietorship or Partnership organisation. 8. Large scale operation: – Since huge amounts are collected as capital, the operation of the business will generally be on a large scale basis. 9. Transferability of shares: – The shares of a Joint Stock Company are easily transferable from one person to another, since it is a Public Limited Company. The shares of a Private Limited Company or Government Company are not transferable. 10. Common seal: – The company, being an artificial being, cannot affix its signature on the documents on its own. The common seal is used in place of a signature. Joint Hindu Family Business is a distinct type of organisation which is unique to India. Even within India its existence is restricted to only certain parts of the country. In this form of business ownership, all members of a Hindu undivided family do business jointly under the control of the head of the family who is known as the ‘Karta’. The members of the family are known as ‘Co-parceners’. Thus, the Joint Hindu Family firm is a business owned by co-parceners of a Hindu undivided estate. Its main features are :- * It comes into existence by the operation of Hindu law and not out of contract. The rights and liabilities of co-parceners are determined by the general rules of the Hindu law. * The membership of this form of business is the result of status arising from the birth in the family and its legality is not affected by the minority. Originally, only three successive generations in the male line ( grandfather, father and son) constituted the membership of this organisation. By the Hindu Succession Act, a female relative of a deceased member or a male relative of such a female member was made eligible for a share in the interest of the related member ( called co-parcener) at the time of his death. There is no legal limit to the maximum number of members. * Registration is unnecessary, but the rights of its members to sue third parties for claims of debt remains unaffected. * It is managed generally by the Karta. He has the authority to obtain loans against the family property or in other ways. Other members have no right of management nor to contract loans binding on the joint-family property. * The manager or the Karta has the last word in the formulation of all policies and in their execution. He has unquestioned authority in the conduct of the family business. * The Karta has unlimited liability while the liability of the other members is limited to the value of their individual interests in the joint family. * The firm enjoys continuity of operations as its existence is not subject to the death or insolvency of a co-parcener or even of the Karta himself. Thus, it has a perpetual life like the public limited company.Advantages * Ease of formation * Continuity of operationsDisadvantages * Confined to Joint  Hindu families * Relatively limited capital * Limited managerial talents * Unlimited liability of the Karta| The concept of management is universal and very old. That is why different views have been expressed about its nature by different writers from time to time. The continuous and rapid development of management principles and practices in organization has changed the nature of management. The main points of view about the nature of management are given below: Management as an Inborn or Acquired Ability In the pre-scientific management period, i.e., prior to 1880 there has been a leading concept that management is an inborn ability. It is a traditional approach. The supporters of this concept believe that the hereditary characteristics, inborn talents and natural aptitudes of a man make him an efficient manager. Some people are so efficient and talented since their birth that they lead and get success in the field of business. To our mind, this concept was used when the ownership and management were not separated. But later on the researches and development in the field of science, technology and training etc. changed this old concept. Today management is considered not only as an inborn ability but also as an acquired ability. In the words of Ordway Tead, â€Å"Managers are both born and made.† Today, in large-sized business organizations, ownership and management are separate identities. The management lies in the hands of professional managers who are educated and trained. Thus, now the management can be considered as an acquired ability. Management as an Art, Science or Both A lot of controversy arises whether management is an art or science or both. It is said that the management is the oldest of arts and youngest of science. This explains the changing nature of management. But to have an exact answer to this question, it is necessary to understand both these aspects separately and combinedly, as given below: Management as an Art: Art refers to the way of doing specific things; it indicates how an object can be achieved. In the words of George R. Terry, â€Å"Art is bringing about of  a desired result through the application of skill.† Art is, thus, skilful application of knowledge which entirely depends on the inherent capacity of a person which comes from within a person and is learned from practice and experience. In this sense, management is certainly an art as a manager uses his skill, knowledge and experience in solving various problems, both complicated and non-complicated that arise in the working of his enterprise successful. In the words of Ernest Dale, â€Å"Management is considered as an art rather than science mainly because managerial skill is a personnel possession and is intuitive.† Management as a Science: Science may be described as a systematized body of knowledge based on proper findings and exact principles and is capable of verification. It is a reservoir of fundamental truths and its findings apply safely in all the situations. In this sense, management is a science as it has also developed some systematized knowledge. Like other sciences, management has also developed certain principles, laws, generalization, which are universal in nature and are applicable wherever the efforts of the people are to be coordinated. But management is not as exact science as other physical sciences like physic, chemistry, biology, astronomy etc. The main reason for the inexactness of science of management is that it deals with the people and it is very difficult to predict their behavior accurately. In this way, management falls in the area of ‘social sciences’. Thus, it is a social science. Conclusion- Management is an Art and Science Both From the above study, we conclude that management is an art and science both. According to American Society of Mechanical Engineers. â€Å"Management is the art and science of preparing, organizing and directing human efforts to control the forces and utilize the material of nature for the benefit of men. â€Å"Thus, it has now been accepted that management is an art as well as science. It has the elements of both arts and science. In the words of Dean Stanley, â€Å"Management is a mixture of an art an science – the present ratio is about 80% art and 20% science.† Man is known by company he keeps, and OfficeBOX is no exception. OfficeBOX team is made up of experienced professionals with vast experience in software solutions development and servicing to SMB sector. Through our Business Partnership program, we want to expand thisteam and work with entities that are driven by challenges of SMB sector. The only pre-requisites of becoming an OfficeBOX Business Partner is passion for driving change and willing to work as a team. We envision our Partnership program to create a team of change agents in SMB sector, and hence any prior exposure of working in SMB domain, especially around IT services, will certainly be useful. That gives both OfficeBOX and Partners a head-start in the partnership effort. OfficeBOX wants to include everyone in this revolution, but to name a few categories which relate immediately are: * Financial Account Writers & Chartered Accountants: OfficeBOX is the most advanced accounting software which enables Account Writers and Chartered Accountants maximize the value they offer to their customers. OfficeBOX becomes the most ideal partner for all the book-keeping and reporting needs of enterprises. * Hardware Vendors/Resellers: OfficeBOX understands the needs and challenges of SMB around application of IT to their businesses, and would like to partner with like-minded people in this area. Hardware Vendors/Resellers have been serving the SMBs for years for their IT requirements, making them an ideal choice for the partnership program. * Telecom/Internet Service Providers: OfficeBOX becomes the best add-on that Telecom/Internet Service Providers can offer to the SMB community. It enhances the value that SMB can derive out of the computerization and automation of their business processes. * Trade Associations: What’s good for one brother, is good for whole of the brethren. Who better knows this than the associations toiling day and night for maximizing the good of their members. Partnering with such associations allows OfficeBOX to reach out to the community and include them in the revolution. * Vocational Education Providers: OfficeBOX is the most appropriate platform to make the budding talent ready for their job of optimizing the business processes using the latest technology. Vocational Education Providers imparting such training to students becomes a good partner for OfficeBOX. In the commercial and legal parlance of most countries, a general  partnership (the basic form of partnership under common law), refers to an association of persons or an unincorporated company with the following major features: * Created by agreement, proof of existence and estoppel. * Formed by two or more persons * The owners are all personally liable for any legal actions and debts the company may face It is a partnership in which partners share equally in both responsibility and liability.[1] A partnership is an arrangement where parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. A ‘sole proprietorship, also known as the sole trader or simply a proprietorship, is a type of business entity that is owned and run by one individual and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. The owner receives all profits (subject to taxation specific to the business) and has unlimited responsibility for all losses and debts. Every asset of the business is owned by the proprietor and all debts of the business are the proprietor’s. It is a â€Å"sole† proprietorship in contrast with partnerships. Glos and Baker write that â€Å"A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person who is entitled to all of its profits,† Reed and Conover say â€Å"The single or the sole proprietorship is a business owned and controlled by one man even though he may have many other persons working for him. A sole proprietor may use a trade name or business name other than his or her legal name.

Biography of Sociologist George Herbert Mead

Biography of Sociologist George Herbert Mead When fields such as psychology and sociology were still new, George Herbert Mead became a leading pragmatist and pioneer of symbolic interactionism, a theory that explores the relationships between people in societies. More than a century after his death, Mead is widely considered to be one of the founders of social psychology, the study of how social environments influence individuals. Having taught at the University of Chicago for much of his career, he is also associated with what is now known as the Chicago school of sociology. Early Years and Education George Herbert Mead was born on  Feb. 27, 1863, in South Hadley, Massachusetts. His father Hiram Mead was a pastor of a local church but moved the family to Oberlin, Ohio to become a professor at Oberlin Theological Seminary in 1870. His mother Elizabeth Storrs Billings Mead also worked as an academic; she taught at Oberlin College and would go on to serve as president of Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts. In 1879, George Herbert Mead enrolled in Oberlin College, where he pursued a bachelors degree focusing on history and literature, which he completed four years later. After a brief stint as a school teacher,  Mead worked as a surveyor for the Wisconsin Central Railroad Company for a few years. Following that, he enrolled in Harvard University, where he studied psychology and philosophy, but he left in 1888 without a graduate degree. After Harvard, Mead joined his close friend Henry Castle and his sister Helen Kingsbury Castle in Leipzig, Germany, where he enrolled in a Ph.D. program for philosophy and physiological psychology at the University of Leipzig. In 1889, Mead transferred to the University of Berlin, where he began to study economic theory. The University of Michigan offered Mead a teaching position in philosophy and psychology two years later and he stopped his doctoral studies to accept this post, never actually completing his Ph.D. Prior to taking on his new role, Mead married Helen Castle in Berlin. Career At the University of Michigan, Mead met sociologist  Charles Horton Cooley, philosopher  John Dewey, and psychologist Alfred Lloyd, all of whom influenced the development of his thought and written work. Dewey accepted an appointment as the chair of philosophy at the University of Chicago in 1894  and arranged for Mead to be appointed assistant professor in the department of philosophy. Together with James Hayden Tufts, the three formed the nexus of American pragmatism, referred to as the Chicago Pragmatists. Meads Theory of the Self Among sociologists, Mead is most well known for his theory of the self, which he presented in his well-regarded and much-taught book Mind, Self and Society (published in 1934 after his death and edited by Charles W. Morris). Meads theory of the self maintains that the idea people have of themselves stems from social interaction with others. This theory opposes biological determinism  because it holds that  the self does not exist at  birth and may not be present at the beginning of a social interaction, but it is constructed and reconstructed in the process of social experience and activity.​ The self, according to Mead, is made up of two components: the â€Å"I† and the â€Å"me.† The â€Å"me† represents the expectations and attitudes of others (the generalized other) organized into a social self. Individuals define their behavior in reference to the generalized attitude of the social group(s) they occupy. When people can view themselves from the standpoint of the generalized other, self-consciousness in the full sense of the term is attained.  From this standpoint, the generalized other (internalized in the â€Å"me†) is the major instrument of social control, for it is the mechanism by which the community exercises control over the conduct of its individual members. The â€Å"I† is the response to the â€Å"me,† or the person’s individuality. It is the essence of agency in human action. So, in effect, the me is the self as object, while the I is the self as subject. According to Meads theory, the self is developed through three activities: language, play, and game. Language allows people to take on the â€Å"role of the other† and respond to their own behaviors through the symbolized attitudes of others. During play, individuals take on the roles of different people and pretend to be them to express their expectations. This process of role-playing is key to the generation of self-consciousness and to the general development of the self. People must comprehend the rules of the game and internalize the roles of everyone else involved. Meads work in this area spurred the development of symbolic interaction theory, now a major framework within sociology. In addition to Mind, Self, and Society, his major works include 1932s The Philosophy of the Present and 1938s The Philosophy of the Act. He taught at the  University of Chicago until his death on  April 26, 1931. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Top 10 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2013

Top 10 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2013 It’s that time of year again! This year I will address some of the top grammatical and spelling errors specifically found on resumes and business documents, both of which constitute a large portion of what I read. Here’s the list: #10 Inconsistencies in Bulleted Lists If you make a list of bulleted items, whether it be on a resume or on a website, make them consistent in terms of the part of speech you start with. Bullets that start with the words Provide, Assess, Ensure, and Designing are not parallel; nor are bullets that start with Creates, Teaches, Organized, and Fulfills. Perhaps the inconsistent word jumps off the page when listed this way, but I see mismatched bullets in many types of documents every day. Check your bulleted lists carefully! #9 Manager/Manger According to Wikipedia, a â€Å"manger† is â€Å"a feeder that is made of carved stone, wood, or metal construction and is used to hold food for animals (as in a stable).† A â€Å"manager,† in contrast, is a person in a professional setting who supervises a person or team. Don’t mix them up on your resume, or in your Christmas greetings ;-). #8 Principal/Principle â€Å"Principal† is an adjective meaning first, highest, or foremost in importance, rank, worth, or degree; or of, relating to, or being financial principal, or a principal in a financial transaction. It can also be a noun meaning a person with a leading role, or one who holds a position of presiding rank or who is a main participant in a situation. â€Å"Principle,† in contrast, is a basic truth, tenet or assumption. I realize this spelling distinction can be hard to remember. One trick I use to keep them straight is to think, â€Å"You’re my #1 pal† and know that the word ending in â€Å"pal† relates to someone or something that is #1. #7 PowerPoint/Powerpoint It’s a common error to miss the capital P in the middle of PowerPoint. Be careful when listing any computer programs on your resume to spell them correctly! #6 Set up/Setup â€Å"Set up† is a verb meaning to set something up or put something in a specified state. Notice that there is a word in between â€Å"set† and â€Å"up† in the definition of â€Å"set up,† which you can think of as being substituted with a space. You must set *something* (_) up. â€Å"Setup,† however, is a noun meaning the process of preparing something to be used. You might set up the menus in a restaurant if you work there, but you would go to a setup menu to get a computer program ready for use. #5 Inconsistent Dashes If you use dashes in between start and end dates on your resume, or between any items in a document, use the same length dash for every similar set of text! I almost always see inconsistencies, especially on resumes, and they appear unprofessional. Don’t write June 2011-July 2013 in one spot and August 2010- June 2011 in another. #4 Apostrophes This issue makes the list for the third year in a row. Main point: Creating a plural doesn’t require an apostrophe. One client, two clients. To make a singular word possessive, add an apostrophe ‘s’: e.g., I wrote one client’s resume today. To make a plural word possessive, add an apostrophe after the ‘s’: e.g., I reviewed 5 clients’ records and discovered errors in 3 of them. See Top 7 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2012 and Top 10 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2011 for more on this topic. #3 Everyday/Every day This is a repeat topic as well. Everyday is an adjective meaning â€Å"common† or â€Å"day-to-day.† Every day means â€Å"daily† or â€Å"each and every day.† Want to learn a trick to remember which is which? See Common Grammatical Errors: Everyday vs. Every Day. #2 Lead/Led The absolute most common spelling error on resumes is the use of â€Å"lead,† meant to be the past tense of â€Å"lead.† The past tense of the verb â€Å"to lead† is â€Å"led†! I would love to see this error disappear from the resume writing world. #1 Two spaces after a period! Sure there are people who still argue that two spaces after a period is acceptable, but I have been fully converted! I have trained my fingers and my eyes to put one space after each period, and I’m attempting to train my clients to â€Å"get with the program† as well. If it’s good enough for the Chicago Manual of Style, it’s good enough for me! Have a happy, healthy, and grammatically correct new year. And remember, I’m always open to hearing your suggestions for my 2014 list!

Sustainable Consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Sustainable Consumption - Essay Example Globalization is a process of integration among people, governments and companies through the mode of international trade, which is aided by the information technology. The procedure has an impact on culture, environment, economic development, political systems and the society. Globalization has helped to form an interdependent and interconnected world, where free transfer of capital as well as goods and services take place across national boundaries (Blowfield and Dolan, 2014). During the middle-ages, individuals, followed by corporations, bought and sold goods through the eminent Silk Road across Central Asia (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera, 2013). Likewise, globalization has substantially supported corporations to invest in other countries. Constant technological and policy developments over past few decades can be attributed to globalization. It has spurred a rise in the cross-border migration, investment and trade massively (Young, et al.,2014). The rapid globalization has enabled the world to enter into a new stage of economic development. Since 1950, the volume of trade globally has increased by almost 20 times (Gwynne and Cristobal, 2014). From 1997 to 1999, the inflow of foreign investment has nearly doubled from $468 to $4827 billion (Gwynne and Cristobal, 2014). The entire process of globalization has become cheaper, faster and deeper in the recent past (Daly, 2013). The fresh wave of globalization is driven by policies that have opened the econo mies internationally and domestically. Since the Second World War, the governments of various countries have adapted to the system of free market economy, which has facilitated improvement in their productivity, thereby creating innumerable new prospects for investment and international trade (Hall and Vredenburg, 2012).

Internaional Business Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internaional Business - Article Example Normally, it is the last stage of the distribution process. Understanding the customer perceptions will help retailers to know about the nuances of marketing. Every retailer has to primarily identify his target market and the needs and expectations of that market and subsequently try to meet those expectations with efficient service. This is what exactly Costco is doing. Promotional strategies that are adopted by a retailer include different forms of communication to attract customer to the retail outlet. For example, in the case of Costco, the 'buy-in' strategy that the company adopted is a promotional strategy. The company bought as much inventory as possible after Procter and Gamble announced a price hike of 6%. This would help the company to hold stock for the future when other players would buy the same stock at a higher price. The face of the retailing industry has undergone significant global changes over the past two decades. Retailing has always focused on offering the best quality products to customers. Every retailer wants to offer the customers the right products at the right time at the right place and at the right price. Pricing the products and services might be a routine hob for most producers and retailers, but it involves a thorough and a deep understanding of the principles and practices governing the business environment. Adopting the right pricing strategy helps a company achieve its objective. To sustain and achieve its objectives in the competitive market, a company should adopt the most effective pricing mechanism. Thus, pricing is very important to a marketer. Before adopting a pricing strategy, certain factors like the demand for the product or service in the market, customers' perception, the sustainable margin, the image of the company in the market etc. Pricing is a very important aspect of the firms' existence and hence, firms must develop proper pricing strategies and convert them into effective competitive advantages. Pricing is the biggest challenge that marketers face, and quite often, they may feel that they have not set the right price. This may be due to several reasons. One of the most important is that prices are dependent on market factors. The sales of a product have an impact on the pricing mechanism. However, the sales of a product can increase because it has been priced too low and not because it has been priced right. Setting the right price can have a substantial impact on the profits of the firm. Costco is using the market penetration pricing strategy to attract customers. It is only a few products that can be called truly innovative products. Such products come into the market infrequently. Most of the times products introduced are copies of existing products with slight modifications. /firms try new approaches to attract customers who have many similar products to choose from. They employ sales promotions, membership cards, sponsorships, etc. to attract customers. Costco admits that more than half of its revenue is form membership fees. Firms resort to price cuts, and offer products below their competitors' prices to take away a large number of customers form their competitors. This is the strategy that Costco has adopted. The expectation in offering products at low prices is that one customers use the product, they will develop an interest in the product

ASTR123 H Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ASTR123 H - Assignment Example This globular marked as M13 had a determined distance. In his assumptions, Shapley believed that all the globular were of the same size. Later, he established that the sun was 50000 light-years from the center (Melia 31). On the other hand, Curtis agreed to Shapley findings that the globular clusters were not in the galaxy. However, he disagreed to his estimations of their distances. In Curtis opinion, these clusters were closer while the galaxy was smaller. Further, Curtis believed that the galaxy was a vast collection of the stars situated way from the boundary of the Milky Way (Melia 29). Therefore, despite the two agreeing and disagreeing on some facts, they both had a common idea that the galaxy was in the universe, something they argued out based on the position of the globular cluster in the Milky Way. And, if this was the case, which is not, then it could be concluded that the galaxy is the entire universe. In 1935, Andrew McKellar was in the in the astrophysical observation team during which, he involved himself in astrophysics research. It was then that he used the CN excitation doublet lines in 1941 to measure and determined the effective temperature of space to be 2.3 K. Around that period he establish this important discovery that could have earned him a Nobel prize, but the world was at war-world war two (WW II). Therefore, Andrew McKellar never had time to publish his findings. Again, scientist gathering to deliberate on this research was not possible. After the WW II, the world recovered, but in a sluggish rate. In 1952 when the astronomers had their first meeting in Rome, Andrew McKellar file had been forgotten (NaselÊ ¹skij, Dmitry and Igor

Leadership Theories From Mahatma Gandhi To Winston Management Essay

Leadership Theories From Mahatma Gandhi To Winston Management Essay From Mahatma Gandhi to Winston Churchill to Martin Luther King, there are as many leadership styles as there are leaders. Fortunately, businesspeople and psychologists have developed useful and simple ways to describe the main styles of leadership, and these can help aspiring leaders understand which styles they should use. So, whether you manage a team at work, captain a sports team, or lead a major corporation, which approach is best? Consciously, or subconsciously, youll probably use some of the leadership styles in this article at some point. Understanding these styles and their impact can help you develop your own, personal leadership style and help you become a more effective leader. With this in mind, there are many different frameworks that have shaped our current understanding of leadership, and many of these have their place, just as long as theyre used appropriately. This article looks at some of the most common frameworks, and then looks at popular styles of leadership. Leadership Theories Researchers have developed a number of leadership theories over the years. These fall into four main groups: 1. Behavioral theories What does a good leader do? Behavioral theories focus on how leaders behave. Do they dictate what needs to be done and expect cooperation? Or do they involve the team in decisions to encourage acceptance and support? In the 1930s, Kurt Lewin developed a leadership framework based on a leaders decision-making behavior. Lewin argued that there are three types of leaders: Autocratic leaders make decisions without consulting their teams. This is considered appropriate when decisions genuinely need to be taken quickly, when theres no need for input, and when team agreement isnt necessary for a successful outcome. Democratic leaders allow the team to provide input before making a decision, although the degree of input can vary from leader to leader. This type of style is important when team agreement matters, but it can be quite difficult to manage when there are lots of different perspectives and ideas. Laissez-faire leaders dont interfere; they allow people within the team to make many of the decisions. This works well when the team is highly capable and motivated, and when it doesnt need close monitoring or supervision. However, this style can arise because the leader is lazy or distracted, and, here, this approach can fail. Similar to Lewins model, the Blake-Mouton Managerial Grid helps you decide how best to lead, depending on your concern for people versus your concern for production. The model describes five different leadership styles: impoverished, country club, team leader, produce or perish, or middle of the road. The descriptions of these will help you understand your own leadership habits and adapt them to meet your teams needs. Clearly, then, how leaders behave impacts on their effectiveness. Researchers have realized, though, that many of these leadership behaviors are appropriate at different times. So, the best leaders are those who can use many different behavioral styles and use the right style for each situation. 2. Contingency theories How does the situation influence good leadership? The realization that there isnt one correct type of leader led to theories that the best leadership style is contingent on, or depends on, the situation. These theories try to predict which leadership style is best in which circumstance. When a decision is needed fast, which style is preferred? When the leader needs the full support of the team, is there a better way to lead? Should a leader be more people oriented or task oriented? These are all examples of questions that contingency leadership theories try to address. A popular contingency-based framework is the Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory, which links leadership style with the maturity of individual members of the leaders team. 3. Trait theories What type of person makes a good leader? Trait theories argue that leaders share a number of common personality traits and characteristics, and that leadership emerges from these traits. Early trait theories promoted the idea that leadership is an innate, instinctive quality that you either have or dont have. Thankfully, weve moved on from this approach, and were learning more about what we can do as individuals to develop leadership qualities within ourselves and others. Whats more, traits are external behaviors that emerge from things going on within the leaders mind and its these internal beliefs and processes that are important for effective leadership. Trait theory does, however, help us identify some qualities that are helpful when leading others and, together, these emerge as a generalized leadership style. Examples include empathy, assertiveness, good decision-making, and likability. In our article Building TomorrowHYPERLINK http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_62.htmHYPERLINK http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_62.htms Leaders, we discuss a series of attributes that are important for all types of leaders to develop. However, none of these traits, nor any combination of them, will guarantee success as a leader. You need more than that. 4. Power and influence theories What is the source of the leaders power? Power and influence theories of leadership take an entirely different approach. Theyre based on the different ways in which leaders use power and influence to get things done, and the leadership styles that emerge as a result. Perhaps the most well known of these theories is French and RavenHYPERLINK http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_56.htmHYPERLINK http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_56.htms Five Forms of Power. This model distinguishes between using your position to exert power, and using your personal attributes to be powerful. French and Raven identified three types of positional power legitimate, reward, and coercive and two sources of personal power expert and referent (your personal appeal and charm). The model suggests that using personal power is the better alternative and, because Expert Power (the power that comes with being a real expert in the job) is the most legitimate of these, that you should actively work on building this. Similarly, leading by example is another highly effective way to establish and sustain a positive influence with your team. Another valid leadership style thats supported by power and influence theories is Transactional Leadership. This approach assumes that work is done only because it is rewarded, and for no other reason, and it therefore focuses on designing tasks and reward structures. While it may not be the most appealing leadership strategy in terms of building relationships and developing a long-term motivating work environment, it does work, and its used in most organizations on a daily basis to get things done. An Up-to-Date Understanding of Leadership Within all of these theories, frameworks, and approaches to leadership, theres an underlying message that leaders need to have a variety of factors working in their favor. Effective leadership is not simply based on a set of attributes, behaviors, or influences. You must have a wide range of abilities and approaches that you can draw upon. Having said this, however, theres one leadership style that is appropriate in very many corporate situations that of Transformational Leadership. A leader using this style: Has integrity. Sets clear goals. Clearly communicates a vision. Sets a good example. Expects the best from the team. Encourages. Supports. Recognizes good work and people. Provides stimulating work. Helps people see beyond their self-interests and focus more on team interests and needs. Inspires. In short, transformational leaders are exceptionally motivating, and theyre trusted. When your team trusts you, and is really fired up by the way you lead, you can achieve great things! The transformational leadership style is the dominant leadership style taught in our How to Lead: Discover the Leader Within You program, although we do recommend that other styles are brought in as the situation demands. Having said that Transformational Leadership suits very many circumstances in business, we need to remember that there may be situations where its not the best style. This is why its worth knowing about the other styles shown below so that you have a greater chance of finding the right combination for the situation you find yourself in. Popular Leadership Styles A Glossary The leadership theories and styles discussed so far fit within formal theoretical frameworks. However, many more terms are used to describe leadership styles, even if these dont fit within a particular system. Its worth understanding these! 1. Autocratic leadership Autocratic leadership is an extreme form of transactional leadership, where leaders have absolute power over their workers or team. Staff and team members have little opportunity to make suggestions, even if these would be in the teams or the organizations best interest. Most people tend to resent being treated like this. Therefore, autocratic leadership often leads to high levels of absenteeism and staff turnover. However, for some routine and unskilled jobs, the style can remain effective because the advantages of control may outweigh the disadvantages. 2. Bureaucratic leadership Bureaucratic leaders work by the book. They follow rules rigorously, and ensure that their staff follows procedures precisely. This is a very appropriate style for work involving serious safety risks (such as working with machinery, with toxic substances, or at dangerous heights) or where large sums of money are involved (such as handling cash). 3. Charismatic leadership A charismatic leadership style can seem similar to transformational leadership, because these leaders inspire lots of enthusiasm in their teams and are very energetic in driving others forward. However, charismatic leaders can tend to believe more in themselves than in their teams, and this creates a risk that a project, or even an entire organization, might collapse if the leader leaves. In the eyes of the followers, success is directly connected to the presence of the charismatic leader. As such, charismatic leadership carries great responsibility, and it needs a long-term commitment from the leader. 4. Democratic leadership or participative leadership Although democratic leaders make the final decisions, they invite other members of the team to contribute to the decision-making process. This not only increases job satisfaction by involving team members, but it also helps to develop peoples skills. Team members feel in control of their own destiny, so theyre motivated to work hard by more than just a financial reward. Because participation takes time, this approach can take longer, but often the end result is better. The approach can be most suitable when working as a team is essential, and when quality is more important than speed to market, or productivity. 5. Laissez-faire leadership This French phrase means leave it be, and its used to describe leaders who leave their team members to work on their own. It can be effective if the leader monitors whats being achieved and communicates this back to the team regularly. Most often, laissez-faire leadership is effective when individual team members are very experienced and skilled self-starters. Unfortunately, this type of leadership can also occur when managers dont apply sufficient control. 6. People-oriented leadership or relations-oriented leadership This is the opposite of task-oriented leadership. With people-oriented leadership, leaders are totally focused on organizing, supporting, and developing the people in their teams. Its a participative style, and it tends to encourage good teamwork and creative collaboration. In practice, most leaders use both task-oriented and people-oriented styles of leadership. 7. Servant leadership This term, created by Robert Greenleaf in the 1970s, describes a leader who is often not formally recognized as such. When someone, at any level within an organization, leads simply by meeting the needs of the team, he or she is described as a servant leader. In many ways, servant leadership is a form of democratic leadership, because the whole team tends to be involved in decision making. Supporters of the servant leadership model suggest that its an important way to move ahead in a world where values are increasingly important, and where servant leaders achieve power on the basis of their values and ideals. Others believe that in competitive leadership situations, people who practice servant leadership can find themselves left behind by leaders using other leadership styles. 8. Task-Oriented leadership Highly task-oriented leaders focus only on getting the job done, and they can be quite autocratic. They actively define the work and the roles required, put structures in place, plan, organize, and monitor. However, because task-oriented leaders dont tend to think much about the well-being of their teams, this approach can suffer many of the flaws of autocratic leadership, with difficulties in motivating and retaining staff. 9. Transactional leadership This style of leadership starts with the idea that team members agree to obey their leader totally when they accept a job. The transaction is usually the organization paying the team members in return for their effort and compliance. The leader has a right to punish team members if their work doesnt meet the pre-determined standard. Team members can do little to improve their job satisfaction under transactional leadership. The leader could give team members some control of their income/reward by using incentives that encourage even higher standards or greater productivity. Alternatively, a transactional leader could practice management by exception rather than rewarding better work, the leader could take corrective action if the required standards are not met. Transactional leadership is really a type of management, not a true leadership style, because the focus is on short-term tasks. It has serious limitations for knowledge-based or creative work, however it can be effective in other situations. 10. Transformational leadership As we discussed earlier, people with this leadership style are true leaders who inspire their teams constantly with a shared vision of the future. While this leaders enthusiasm is often passed onto the team, he or she can need to be supported by detail people. Thats why, in many organizations, both transactional and transformational leadership are needed. The transactional leaders (or managers) ensure that routine work is done reliably, while the transformational leaders look after initiatives that add new value. Key Points While the transformational leadership approach is often highly effective, theres no one right way to lead or manage that fits all situations. To choose the most effective approach for yourself, consider the following: The skill levels and experience of your team. The work involved (routine, or new and creative). The organizational environment (stable or radically changing, conservative or adventurous). You own preferred or natural style. Good leaders often switch instinctively between styles, according to the people they lead and the work that needs to be done. Establish trust thats key to this process and remember to balance the needs of the organization against the needs of your team.

farming :: essays research papers

Farming I am doing my paper on farming because that is my job and the pay gets s me through college. Farming is a very important and a very hard job at times. A lot of farmers don’t get much credit for all the work they do and they don’t get much pay for it either. When most farmers grow in age they start to get crippled and start to get arthritis. All farmers have a few stories about their experiences on the farm. I am going to tell you about some of mine and some of my boss’s. The other things I am going to wrote about in this paper is some of the equipment we use, the number of cows he milks, the animals he has on his farm, stuff about his family and himself. The farm I work at is located by Gilman, Wisconsin. It is one of the biggest farms in that area. The farm that I work on is owned by Earl Oberlin. He is fifty-five years old and has been farming for more than twenty years; before he started farming he haled gravel for a place called Olympics Trucking. He worked there for ten years and really didn’t like it a hole lot. He has four kids and there are three boys and one girl. He has been married for about twenty-five years and his wife is an Elementary Pry. Ed. teacher G-man. The names of his kids are Shauna, Dave, Chad, Dinettes, and his wife’s name is Mrs. Obverse. He started out milking cows with just pipe line and regular milers. Now he uses automatic take off millers and that is lot easier on his back that is why he said he got them. He uses seven milers while he only milks about sixty-four cows and that only takes us on a good day about an hour in a half. Earl owns about three hundred and fifty acres of land at this point and most of it is farmland that he uses for crops. He has Twenty calves and twelve heifers in his barn right now. Some of the machines that he uses are a TMR mixer that mixes all of the feed for the cows up and there is an elevator that comes off the end of the mixer and puts it in the bunk were the cows go to eat it.

Child of the Americas Essay

I interpreted that this line meant that the speaker had been exposed to european culture and adapted some of the european customs into their own personal culture. Through out the poem the speaker describe her heritage and the cultures she identifies as, and I believe that â€Å"Europe lives in me, but I have no home there† simply means she is creating memories and experiences that takes place in europe but she has never truly lived there or been there long enough to call it home. How does the speaker describe herself? Throughout â€Å"Child of the Americas† the speaker describes herself as many different nationalities. She uses the metaphors â€Å"I am not African, Africa is in me†¦Spanish is in my flesh†¦I am not European, Europe lives in me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to show us that because she identifies herself as american she can also be seen as all these different nationalities because America is a country in which many different cultures have settled down and started to fuse together into original lifestyles. What is the tone of the poem? Is the speaker defiant, hopeful, angry, confused, ambivalent, proud? Cite specific words and phrases to support your response I believe that the tone of â€Å"Child of the Americas† is both ambivalent, and proud. The speaker develops these tones through her details. We can determine that her tone is ambivalent because of the way she describes herself. She describes herself as a jumble of different cultures and nationalities. â€Å"I am a U.S. Puerto Rican Jew†¦I am Caribena, Island grown† â€Å"Africa is in me†¦.Tiano is in me†¦Europe lives in me† From this we can tell that she is not specifically identifying herself as a single culture which shows us that she has mixed feelings about her heritage. We can determine that her other tone is proud, from the details in her last stanza. She describes herself as new â€Å"History made me.† She also says that â€Å"I was  born at the crossroads and I am whole.† From these lines we can determine that she was not ashamed of her uniquity. We can tell that she is proud of her â€Å"mixed-up heritage.†

Information Systems in Organizations Essay

Information systems (IS) is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data. The study bridges business and computer science using the theoretical foundations of information and computation to study various business models and related algorithmic processes within a computer science discipline. Computer Information System(s) (CIS) is a field studying computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software and hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society while IS emphasizes functionality over design. The history of information systems coincides with the history of computer science that began long before the modern discipline of computer science emerged in thetwentieth century. Regarding the circulation of   information and ideas, numerous legacy information systems still exist today that are continuously updated to promote ethnographic approaches, to ensure data integrity, and to improve the social effectiveness & efficiency of the whole process. In general, information systems are focused upon processing information within organizations, especially within business enterprises, and sharing the benefits with modern society. Human Resources Human resources is the set of individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, business sector or an economy. â€Å"Human capital† is sometimes used synonymously with human resources, although human capital typically refers to a more narrow view; i.e., the knowledge the individuals embody and can contribute to an organization. Likewise, other terms sometimes used include â€Å"manpower†, â€Å"talent†, â€Å"labor† or simply â€Å"people†. The professional discipline and business function that oversees an organization’s human resources is called human resource management (HRM, or simply HR). Sales and marketing Sales is what you do and say during the one moment your product or service is being purchased. It’s confirming the payment options. Sales people have to feed the Marketing process and use the resources effectively that they had a part in building. There needs to be a partnership between the Sales and Marketing departments. Marketing is what you do (Sales people and Marketing people), before and after the sale. It is the strategy that will identify prospects that will lead to the sale. Marketing is learning about your client needs and delivering on them (or realizing there is not a fit with a prospect). Marketing is about building awareness and relationships – it’s everything that makes ‘the phone ring’ the first time and convinces past customers to buy from you again. Marketing includes anything that comes into contact with your customer. Finance Finance is the study of how investors allocate their assets over time under conditions of certainty and uncertainty. A key point in finance, which affects decisions, is the time value of money, which states that a unit of currency today is worth more than the same unit of currency tomorrow. Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level, and expected rate of return. Finance can be broken into three different sub categories: public finance, corporate finance and personal finance. Characteristics Of Information Good information is that which is used and which creates value. Experience and research shows that good information has numerous qualities. Good information is relevant for its purpose, sufficiently accurate for its purpose, complete enough for the problem, reliable and targeted to the right person. It is also communicated in time for its purpose, contains the right level of detail and is communicated by an appropriate channel, i.e. one that is understandable to the user. Further details of these characteristics related to organizational information for decision-making follows. Availability/accessibility Information should be easy to obtain or access. Information kept in a book of some kind is only available and easy to access if you have the book to hand. A good example of availability is a telephone directory, as every home has one for its local area. It is probably the first place you look for a local number. But nobody keeps the whole country’s telephone books so for numbers further afield you probably phone a directory enquiry number. For business premises, say for a hotel in London, you would probably use the Internet. Businesses used to keep customer details on a card-index system at the customer’s branch. If the customer visited a different branch a telephone call would be needed to check details. Now, with centralized computer systems, businesses like banks and building societies can access any customer’s data from any branch. Accuracy Information needs to be accurate enough for the use to which it is going to be put. To obtain information that is 100% accurate is usually unrealistic as it is likely to be too expensive to produce on time. The degree of  accuracy depends upon the circumstances. At operational levels information may need to be accurate to the nearest penny – on a supermarket till receipt, for example. At tactical level department heads may see weekly summaries correct to the nearest  £100, whereas at strategic level directors may look at comparing stores’ performances over several months to the nearest  £100,000 per month. Accuracy is important. As an example, if government statistics based on the last census wrongly show an increase in births within an area, plans may be made to build schools and construction companies may invest in new housing developments. In these cases any investment may not be recouped. Reliability or objectivity Reliability deals with the truth of information or the objectivity with which it is presented. You can only really use information confidently if you are sure of its reliability and objectivity. When researching for an essay in any subject, we might make straight for the library to find a suitable book. We are reasonably confident that the information found in a book, especially one that the library has purchased, is reliable and (in the case of factual information) objective. The book has been written and the author’s name is usually printed for all to see. The publisher should have employed an editor and an expert in the field to edit the book and question any factual doubts they may have. In short, much time and energy goes into publishing a book and for that reason we can be reasonably confident that the information is reliable and objective. Compare that to finding information on the Internet where anybody can write unedited and unverified material and ‘publish’ it on the web. Unless you know who the author is, or a reputable university or government agency backs up the research, then you cannot be sure that the information is reliable. Some Internet websites are like vanity publishing, where anyone can write a book and pay certain (vanity) publishers to publish it. Relevance/appropriateness Information should be relevant to the purpose for which it is required. It must be suitable. What is relevant for one manager may not be relevant for another. The user will become frustrated if information contains data  irrelevant to the task in hand. For example, a market research company may give information on users’ perceptions of the quality of a product. This is not relevant for the manager who wants to know opinions on relative prices of the product and its rivals. The information gained would not be relevant to the purpose. Completeness Information should contain all the details required by the user. Otherwise, it may not be useful as the basis for making a decision. For example, if an organization is supplied with information regarding the costs of supplying a fleet of cars for the sales force, and servicing and maintenance costs are not included, then a costing based on the information supplied will be considerably underestimated. Ideally all the information needed for a particular decision should be available. However, this rarely happens; good information is often incomplete. To meet all the needs of the situation, you often have to collect it from a variety of sources. Level of detail/conciseness Information should be in a form that is short enough to allow for its examination and use. There should be no extraneous information. For example, it is very common practice to summarize financial data and present this information, both in the form of figures and by using a chart or graph. We would say that the graph is more concise than the tables of figures as there is little or no extraneous information in the graph or chart. Clearly there is a trade-off between level of detail and conciseness. Presentation The presentation of information is important to the user. Information can be more easily assimilated if it is aesthetically pleasing. For example, a marketing report that includes graphs of statistics will be more concise as well as more aesthetically pleasing to the users within the organization. Many organizations use presentation software and show summary information via a data projector. These presentations have usually been well thought out to be visually attractive and to convey the correct amount of detail. Timing Information must be on time for the purpose for which it is required. Information received too late will be irrelevant. For example, if you receive a brochure from a theatre and notice there was a concert by your favorite band yesterday, then the information is too late to be of use. Value of information The relative importance of information for decision-making can increase or decrease its value to an organization. For example, an organization requires information on a competitor’s performance that is critical to their own decision on whether to invest in new machinery for their factory. The value of this information would be high. Always keep in mind that information should be available on time, within cost constraints and be legally obtained. Cost of information Information should be available within set cost levels that may vary dependent on situation. If costs are too high to obtain information an organization may decide to seek slightly less comprehensive information elsewhere. For example, an organization wants to commission a market survey on a new product. The survey could cost more than the forecast initial profit from the product. In that situation, the organization would probably decide that a less costly source of information should be used, even if it may give inferior information.