Caravaggio essays

Caravaggio essays Caravaggio is considered to be one of the most acclaimed painters of all time, and his painting The Calling of St. Matthew is my favorite of all his work. He was born in 1573 in Italy. His is the son of an architect and steward. We dont know much of his childhood, but we do know that he was orphaned at the age of 11. Later that year he became an apprentice to painter Simone Peterzano of Milan, who is known for works such as La Nativita. At the age of 17 Caravaggio set out to Rome. He was bright, intuitive, and eager to learn. He understood the Venetian style of painting, he knew what the Venetians were all about, but did not find the Venetian style fulfilling. He took the defining elements of the Venetian style, opposition of Florentine painting, and picked up a style that was a nearer representation to natural events. Caravaggio invented a painting style based on chiaroscuro in which areas of shadow and light contrast sharply called tenebrism. Caravaggios painting The Calling of St. Matthew was completed in 1600 and took about a year to finish. It is representational and ecclesiastical. There is a system of lines that relate to the space of the painting. The vertical edge of the shutter is exactly in the middle of the painting. It splits the painting into two almost equal halves, with four people to the right, and three to the left. The way the light entering the room from the top right corner, to the middle of the painting gives a sense a diagonal symmetry but also adds the vertical symmetry because the shadow ends in the center of the painting. Even though I feel as if there is a system of lines, most scholars say that there is a rejection of axille symmetry. Baroque art built up on Renaissance techniques and ideas but at the same time it moved away from these ideas. The baroque style was interested in beauty in new ways such as shape shadow and line. Symmetry was out, light...

12 More Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts

12 More Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts 12 More Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts 12 More Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts By Mark Nichol Following up on a post about words that originally pertained (or in one sense pertain) to military units but have developed nonmilitary connotations based on that sense, here are additional terms referring to military individuals or groups that have civilian senses as well. 1. captain: ultimately from Latin caput (â€Å"head†), originally referring to the leader of a war party and later to a military officer in command of a set unit or a ship; later, applied in general to a leader or head of a group or team. 2. cavalry: from Italian cavaliere (â€Å"horseman†), a body of soldiers mounted on horses (and later those assigned to mechanized units); by extension, from the clichà © in movie westerns of a US cavalry unit coming to the rescue of the protagonists, used in references to one or more people who bring aid to others. 3. lieutenant: from Old French lieu tenant (â€Å"in place of†), originally, an officer who was deputy to a captain but later also a specific military rank; in civilian usage, a right-hand man or woman or a subordinate. 4. muster: from Latin monstrare (â€Å"to show†)- interestingly, akin to monster- referring to an assembly of military personnel or serving as a verb synonymous with assemble, but also pertains to any assembly, collection, or inventory or to a sample or specimen. 5. picket: from French piquer (â€Å"pierce†), a group of soldiers assigned to guard a camp, or the action of doing so; in civilian usage, a distinct meaning of â€Å"protesting during a demonstration or strike† or a reference to a sharp stake, such as one that is part of a picket fence. 6. rank-and-file: from Old English ranc (â€Å"strong†) and Latin filum (â€Å"cord† or â€Å"thread), the arrangement of military personnel in rows and columns; by extension, a reference to ordinary employees or members as opposed to those in leadership roles . 7. reserve: from Latin reservare (â€Å"keep back†), one or more units of soldiers kept more or less in readiness in case they are needed as reinforcements; in general usage, anything kept in stock or kept apart from a general issue or supply. 8. scout: from Latin auscultare (â€Å"heed,† â€Å"listen†), a person, sometimes a local civilian- or a group called a scouting party- sent to explore, observe, or search to obtain information about the enemy; in entertainment or sports, someone who observes prospective performers or recruits. 9. sergeant: from Latin serviens (â€Å"servant†), originally referred to a servant but later applied to an experienced common soldier who supervised others under command of a nobleman or knight; the term now denotes an experienced soldier or police officer holding the rank of sergeant or (in the military) a variation of the rank such as staff sergeant. 10. task force: from taxare (â€Å"tax†), a unit formed temporarily to achieve a specific objective; the sense in civilian usage is the same. 11. troops: from Old French trope (â€Å"band,† â€Å"company†), also the source of troupe, collectively refers to soldiers (in singular form the name of a specific military unit, not a designation for a single soldier); in general usage, an informal reference to a company’s employees or an organization’s members (as in â€Å"Round up the troops for a meeting†). 12. wingman: originally a term for a pilot who supports the leader of a flying formation, now also slang for someone who backs up a person who seeks to approach potential romantic or sexual partners. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in""Certified" and "Certificated"20 Ways to Laugh

How are women portrayed in the films of the 1960s and 1970s Essay

How are women portrayed in the films of the 1960s and 1970s - Essay Example The feminist beliefs differed from groups to groups and from one woman to another. By 1970s, the Second Wave Feminist Movements had inspired several men and women in the United States (Klinger, 2008). There was a change on the women perception in politics, media, private household and academia. Films produced in the 1960s and 1970s provide the best lenses upon which to perceive the depiction of the public on the role and status of women during the time. Dr. Strangelove, a film produced in 1964 is one such perfect film depicting the position of the woman in 1960s (Rosenstone, 2009). in the opening scene of the comedy, a member of staff of the United States Royal Air force is seemingly dressed to relax and flying above the Soviet Union. The member of US RAF whips out the latest playboy magazine and peruses through its pages. Whereas the actions in the short scene may not seem as a big deal, the scene optimizes the objectification of women that runs throughout the rest of the film. Stan ley Kubrick use satire in the movie to portray the lighter side of sad time on gender in the United States. Dr. Strangelove was produced during the period of Wave Feminism. While women of this period were allowed to vote, they lacked all the rights men held at the moment. Throughout this movie, women are either used merely for the benefit of men or are totally absent from the scenes. An excellent example of absence of women from matters important to the running of the nation is at the Joint Chiefs of Staff Meeting. There is not a single woman in the board rooms of the meetings that take a majority of the film. The quality of the film and the role of different genders in the movie portray the different perceptions of the people living at the time. Unlike present times where women take proactive part in cinemas, the 1964 production points to a time in history when women had not gained rights and respect (Rosenstone, 2009). They were not instrumental in the running of the state and mak ing important decisions of governance. Their role was supplementary to the duties of men. If a woman was to participate in any nation building activity, it would be under the shadow of her husband. Coming to the public limelight as an agent of change and constructive development of the nation was unheard of as depicted extensively in the film. While the services of women of the time were not directly outlined in the film, the role of women in satisfaction of basic needs of men was profound. Women were portrayed as objects of sexual satisfaction. The United States RAF pilot introduces this apparent place of women in the society of 1960s as he gets satisfaction from the Playboy Magazine by mere gaze at naked pictures of women. The first time the audience gets to meet a feminine character is with the entourage of Miss Scott. She echoes the director’s depiction of women as objects of sexual entertainment for men. Her sprawled out tuning under colored bright light in revealing bik ini leaving little to the imagination of the mind brings the point home that, indeed, women of the 1960s held no other position to men than massage their sexual ego (Klinger, 2008). The Graduate is the other film that tells gender and the way 1960s and early 1970s defined a change of the perception of both men and women on gender. The film narrates a story of two characters almost coming into terms with the dynamic meaning of gender at

President Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

President - Research Paper Example A number of events took place during the cold war both regionally and globally catalysing the formation and adoption of the Truman doctrine. Russia sponsored communism was on the rise and influencing the entire Europe. Hungary’s democratic government was overthrown by the communist party in 1947 attracting strong condemnation by President Truman. In 1948 again the communist party with the support of Russia used force to grab power in Czechoslovakia. The attempted Berlin blockade would have also significantly affected the course of events had it succeeded. The Russian threat became particularly significant in 1949 when Russia deployed its tool to influence the entire Europe. Russia also went on to explode its nuclear bomb nullifying America’s lead. The Korean escalated the tensions between the two rival super powers. It became apparent that to restore confidence in Europe, economic assistance, rearmament of West Germany and military aid were necessary measures. The Presi dent thus sought Congress’s approval of $ 400 million towards aiding turkey and Greece both in terms of military and economically (Merrill, 20006). The relationship between the United States and the USSR was unhealthy during the cold war. Russia’s aggression and expansion of its communist influence into Eastern Europe after the defeat of Germany was not taken well by the United States and other Western democracies. The US dominated the politics and economics of Western Europe and therefore was very threatened by Russia’s influence in the East. The two powers differed on ideology & politics and were competing for internal influence along the different lines. The competition lasted between 1947 and 1991 when the Soviet Union officially collapsed. The spreading communism ideology supported by Russia saw communist parties overthrow democratically elected governments in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Russia’s detonation of its first atomic weapon and its

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Essay Example for Free

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Essay Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was the great great-granddaughter of â€Å"a potato-famine Irish immigrant† who worked as a superintendent of the public schools of New York City (TV. com, 2007). Her father was a handsome Wall Street banker by the name of John Bouvier III (â€Å"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis†). She spent the early years of her life between East Hampton and New York City. Attending some of the finest private schools, Jacqueline learned to ride as well as write stories and poems. As a matter of fact, she won an equestrian championship at the tender age of five (TV. com). She was an artist to boot, and she knew ballet. Jacqueline had a sister with whom she arrived later in Newport near Washington D. C. where her stepfather’s home was located (â€Å"Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy†). During the depression, her parents had lost their wealth and divorced (â€Å"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis†). In 1947, Jacqueline was named â€Å"the Debutante of the Year (â€Å"Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy†). Despite her â€Å"social success,† she desired to continue studying (â€Å"Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy†). As a student of Vassar, she had the opportunity to travel far and wide. She spent an entire year in France before her graduation (â€Å"Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy†). After all, in her youth Jacqueline had dreamt of taking up photography as a profession in France. She had also dreamt of living an absolutely bohemian life in Paris (Melloy, 2006). All of her dreams were not realized. Nevertheless, Jacqueline grew to love the people of France (â€Å"Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy†). She also got to work as an Inquiring Photographer for The Washington Times-Herald. This was her very first job. When Jacqueline won a writing contest that was sponsored by Vogue magazine, she was offered the chance to work with Vogue as well. But, she turned down her prize offer to work with the magazine (TV. com). Besides John F. Kennedy and the rich Greek-Argentine, Aristotle Onassis, whom she married a few years after the death of the President Kennedy, Jacqueline is known to have dated Frank Sinatra, Gianni Agnelli, Marlon Brando, Peter Lawford, Warren Beatty, William Holden, John Husted, Jr. , and Maurice Tempelsman (â€Å"Who is dating Jacqueline Onassis,† 2007). No wonder she was considered the most beautiful and glamorous lady in the United States (Melloy). Besides, she was a rather enchanting lady as far as her spoken language was concerned. Some of her interesting quotes include the following: (1) â€Å"I dont think there are any men who are faithful to their wives;† (2) â€Å"There are two kinds of women, those who want power in the world and those who want power in bed;† (3) The one thing I do not want to be called is First Lady. It sounds like a saddle horse;† (4) â€Å"I always wanted to be some kind of writer or newspaper reporter. But after college I did other things (TV. com). † The wedding dress that Jacqueline wore the day she married Kennedy is known to have taken two months to tailor and fifty â€Å"yards of ivory silk taffeta (TV. com). † Despite her love for Kennedy, the latter is known to have had a large number of flings with different women. He also gave to Jacqueline a â€Å"dose of Chlamydia,† which she believed was responsible for her miscarriage, followed by a premature delivery of a child who did not survive (Melloy). Melloy suggests that Jacqueline’s non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma toward the end of her life may also have been caused by Chlamydia. What is more, it was not just Kennedy who had betrayed her. Jacqueline experienced physical abuse during her marriage with Aristotle Onassis. Thus, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was a glamorous and a tragic figure at the same time (Melloy). References Jackie Kennedy. Think Quest. Retrieved Nov 18, 2007, from http://library. thinkquest. org/TQ0312172/flkennedy. html. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. The Biography Channel. Retrieved Nov 18, 2007, from http://www. thebiographychannel. co. uk/biography_story/130:2380/1/Jackie_Kennedy. htm Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy. The White House. Retrieved Nov 18, 2007, from http://www. whitehouse. gov/history/firstladies/jk35. html. Melloy, K. (2006, Apr 8). The Secret Memoirs of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. Retrieved Nov 18, 2007, from http://www. edgeboston. com/index. php? ci=ch=entertainmentsc=bookssc2=reviews

West Nile Virus: The Silent, Deadly Killer :: Essays Papers

West Nile Virus: The Silent, Deadly Killer Webster’s defines a virus as being a ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts. In the article, â€Å"A New Transcontinental Disease: The West Nile Virus,† by Alicia Campbell and H. Michael Dreher, the authors describe exactly what the virus is, the history of the virus, and how to treat it. It was published in 2002 in Medsurg Nursing because the virus itself was becoming more and more of a threat to the public welfare. In order to fully understand the virus and its complex makeup, extensive research and case studies had to be made. After years of tracking the virus and its origins, tests conducted on how it was transferred from host to host and how exactly the public in general can protect itself from deadly viruses established a research base for further studies. The New York West Nile epidemic brought a lot of attention to the forgotten lethal virus. The virus is carried by the common North American mosquito. Viruses have existed among us for many years, and cause many very deadly outbreaks all across the globe. The virus can rapidly spread throughout an area in no time; host-to-host it spreads like a wild fire. From the author’s source, it is speculated that the HIV virus originated in Africa and Haitians carried the virus back to their homeland. The authors also tell us that many viruses originate within the depths of over populated forests causing the animals and insects to move on. As they progress to find a better location, they carry deadly viruses with them, infecting brand new regions. Today the West Nile virus continues to be a threat. The authors tell us that it is more than likely that we will see more cases of the virus across the United States as it is now widespread. Scientists tell us that the West Nile virus originated in Africa in 1937 and the first reported epidemic was reported in Israel. It is not known exactly how the virus reached Israel from Africa. The virus can also be found in animals, increasing the chances that a mosquito could land on an animal with the virus, infect it, and continue to carry the virus on to another host.

Marketing reflective essay Essay

As Jobber(2012) was claiming, the marketing concept is â€Å"Achieving corporate goals by meeting and exceeding customer needs, better than the competition†. Marketing is the process of telling a true story in an unforgettable manner. As a consequence, it became an essential tool in the competitive business environment. The main objective is to maximize the company’s profit by showing up with stunning adverts. Bearing in mind the development of technology, â€Å"It is well known that markets grow by the reduction of unit prices: this is how the computer became a household necessity†, this could not be possible without a good marketing strategy (Kapferer 2012, p.205). Ever since I finished High School, I stood among people that set up businesses without any help, dealing with problems and learning from the occurred challenges. My thirst for knowledge had increased when somebody introduced me a multilevel marketing business and the innovative method that implied th is cash back system. Therefore, I was influenced in a positive way, understanding what I truly want for my future. I got involved in that multilevel marketing business with a couple of friends, developing a team in which we had a simple goal: growing on both financial and educational aspects. In other words, this was my first step in dealing with many people and improving my persuasive skills. During this process, I had learnt to plan every step along the way, to analyse each business situations, to research and compile data in order to make accurate decisions. It was not long until I realized that my biggest aim was much more than just taking part in someone else’s business, so I started to invest in my education. As a result, I decided to leave my country to one of the most flourishing countries in Europe, Great Britain. From my point of view, Marketing is one of the most useful modules that I have been studying during my University programme, due to the fact that it is highly important to know how to start and grow a business. Along this year, understanding the consumer behaviour and how to cope with the competition are only a few skills that I gained. One quote that drives my desire to achieve more is â€Å"Go for the edges. Challenge yourself and your team to describe what those edges are, and then test which edge is most likely to deliver the marketing results you seek†( Seth Godin). â€Å"Globalization or the trend of growing worldwide  interconnectedness has been accompanied by several clashing notions of cultural difference† (Pieterse 2003, p.43). The international marketing is bringing the idea of companies being carried out across the borders. In order to do this, it is recommended to understand the advantages, challenges and disadvantages of expanding the firms across the world. First of all, few of the biggest advantages of passing through the ‘global localization’ process are represented by the cheap labour, raw materials and a wide variety of markets. On the other hand, companies should analyse the methods of entry, consumptions patterns, competition, media, culture and legislation of the country. In other words, in order to succeed in other markets it is important to cope with all these challenges and, more than this, to understand the differences in the customer perceptions. â€Å"Innovations are brand oxygen. They re-create leadership, focus the market on value not on price, and give a goal to the organization† (Kapferer 2012, p.202). Talking from my experience, this is the main goal of multilevel marketing companies which became known worldwide by involving more and more countries in their system. Moreover, another important aspect that should be implemented in a successful business is the marketing ethics which highlights the rights of the consumers. In order to not loose clients, the company should inform about the changes that might take place in the future. Also, customer satisfaction is the key of success for any business; thus companies should be open to receive feedback from customers. From this topic, I gained the knowledge about how a thriving business should face the impediments to fulfil the consumers needs and expectations. On the other hand, the managing marketing implementation is the process that helps customers to keep in mind the strengths of the company. In order to accomplish this, three stages are required to be followed such as an analysis of the markets and trading environment, determination of core markets and brand positioning and last, but not least, setting up flexible programmes for implementation. Controlling the marketing plan should include the flexibility of objectives, empowerment for environmental changes and monitoring, in order to allow new opportunities for the business. Being involved in a group project was a challenge for me, due to the fact that we had some communication problems between our group memb ers in the beginning. First of all, we started with a brainstorming, analysing the opportunities of companies around Hendon Central. More than this, we agreed on the same firm and started our work. Within a teamwork, there are some challenges that occur such as remaining focused on a direction, splitting equally the work and choosing a good leader. Bearing all this in mind, I might say that we did our best during the presentation and we coped with the minor communication issues. From this experience, I realized that I am a good leader and I can manage efficiently a project. Therefore, my first future plan consists in getting employed in successful corporations; working particularly in the development of green and going global projects. I strongly believe that the skills obtained until now will make me succeed in both micro and macro analysis of the company that will lead me to come up with flexible solutions for a further development. From my point of view, the analytical skill will be my strength in the marketing research and in controlling the marketing plan process. More than this, I am able to analyse the marketing opportunities by having a deeper understanding of the 4 P’s (Product, Place, Price and Promotion). Secondly, I want to improve my strategy in order to understand how I should invest in the brand’s weapon – media communication. In conclusion, during this course, I realized that the innovation is a significant component of a successful business. As a result, I will be able to achieve my highest aim- to have my own global business; by using the franchising option. References 1. Godin, S. (2012). SETH GODIN: This Is How You Create A Remarkable Product . Available: http://www.businessinsider.com/seth-godin-this-is-how-you-create-a-remarkable-product-2012-10. Last accessed 20th April 2014. 2. Jobber, D.(2012); Principles and Practice of Marketing, McGraw- Hill 3. Kapferer, K.N. (2012). The New Strategic Brand Management. London: KoganPage. 4. Pieterse, J.N. (2003). Globalization and Culture. United States of America. London: Rowman & Littlefield.

Principles of Management Essay

This has become a very popular definition of management for several reasons. Firstly, this definition is very simple and easy to understand. Secondly, it highlights the indirect nature of a manager’s job. A manager does not operate a machine or sell a product himself. Rather he guides others in producing and selling goods and services. Thirdly, this definition reveals that a manager is the leader of people working under him. Fourthly, it states that management is basically an art or practice of achieving results. The above definition is, however, inadequate for the present day concept of management. It suffers from the following drawbacks. (i) This definition does not reveal that management is a science. The modern concept of management is much wider than simply a skill in getting things done through other people. Since the days of F.W. Taylor management has become a science based on certain fundamental principles. (ii) The above definition does not highlight how does management get things done through people. It fails to reveal the functions of a manager and the skills used for getting things done. (iii) This definition does not recognize the role of human beings. It treats people as mere tools forgetting results and does not consider their feelings, emotions and needs. People are inanimate objects and cannot be treated as mere tools. People have their aspirations and are not mere commodities or means to achieve certain ends. Management is certainly much more than just getting things done through others. (iv)The above definition gives an impression that management gets things done by hook or crook. Results alone are not significant. The means employed to achieve results are equally important. This definition is of man’s putative character. (v) This definition does not reveal that a formal organizational set up is needed for getting things done. A careful analysis of the above mentioned definitions reveal the following important characteristic feature of a Joint Stock Company. 1. An artificial person: – The company enjoys all the rights as a citizen of a country would enjoy. It ‘can own properties, enter into contracts etc. 2. Legal formation: – The formation of a Joint Stock Company is governed by the rules and regulations laid down in the Companies Act, 1956. 3. Voluntary organisation: – It is formed by members voluntarily joining the organisation and contributing money or money’s worth for the business. 4. Separate legal entity: – The Company has a separate legal existence. The owners are different from the people who manage the business. The management is however headed by owners who are elected directors. The company is separate from the persons who own it. The company cannot be held responsible for any misdeeds of the members. 5. Perpetual succession: – Unlike Sole proprietorship and Partnership, the Company has continuous existence. The continuity of the business is not affected by the death, insolvency or insanity of any member. â€Å"Men may come and men may go, but a company will go until it is wound up.† 6. Limit to liability: – The liability of the members of a company is restricted to the extent of the unpaid value of the shares held by him. The personal asset of a shareholder cannot be used to pay the company’s liabilities. 7. Large capital: – A Joint Stock Company can generate huge amount of money towards capital, because the number of persons contributing towards capital are more in number when compared to Sole Proprietorship or Partnership organisation. 8. Large scale operation: – Since huge amounts are collected as capital, the operation of the business will generally be on a large scale basis. 9. Transferability of shares: – The shares of a Joint Stock Company are easily transferable from one person to another, since it is a Public Limited Company. The shares of a Private Limited Company or Government Company are not transferable. 10. Common seal: – The company, being an artificial being, cannot affix its signature on the documents on its own. The common seal is used in place of a signature. Joint Hindu Family Business is a distinct type of organisation which is unique to India. Even within India its existence is restricted to only certain parts of the country. In this form of business ownership, all members of a Hindu undivided family do business jointly under the control of the head of the family who is known as the ‘Karta’. The members of the family are known as ‘Co-parceners’. Thus, the Joint Hindu Family firm is a business owned by co-parceners of a Hindu undivided estate. Its main features are :- * It comes into existence by the operation of Hindu law and not out of contract. The rights and liabilities of co-parceners are determined by the general rules of the Hindu law. * The membership of this form of business is the result of status arising from the birth in the family and its legality is not affected by the minority. Originally, only three successive generations in the male line ( grandfather, father and son) constituted the membership of this organisation. By the Hindu Succession Act, a female relative of a deceased member or a male relative of such a female member was made eligible for a share in the interest of the related member ( called co-parcener) at the time of his death. There is no legal limit to the maximum number of members. * Registration is unnecessary, but the rights of its members to sue third parties for claims of debt remains unaffected. * It is managed generally by the Karta. He has the authority to obtain loans against the family property or in other ways. Other members have no right of management nor to contract loans binding on the joint-family property. * The manager or the Karta has the last word in the formulation of all policies and in their execution. He has unquestioned authority in the conduct of the family business. * The Karta has unlimited liability while the liability of the other members is limited to the value of their individual interests in the joint family. * The firm enjoys continuity of operations as its existence is not subject to the death or insolvency of a co-parcener or even of the Karta himself. Thus, it has a perpetual life like the public limited company.Advantages * Ease of formation * Continuity of operationsDisadvantages * Confined to Joint  Hindu families * Relatively limited capital * Limited managerial talents * Unlimited liability of the Karta| The concept of management is universal and very old. That is why different views have been expressed about its nature by different writers from time to time. The continuous and rapid development of management principles and practices in organization has changed the nature of management. The main points of view about the nature of management are given below: Management as an Inborn or Acquired Ability In the pre-scientific management period, i.e., prior to 1880 there has been a leading concept that management is an inborn ability. It is a traditional approach. The supporters of this concept believe that the hereditary characteristics, inborn talents and natural aptitudes of a man make him an efficient manager. Some people are so efficient and talented since their birth that they lead and get success in the field of business. To our mind, this concept was used when the ownership and management were not separated. But later on the researches and development in the field of science, technology and training etc. changed this old concept. Today management is considered not only as an inborn ability but also as an acquired ability. In the words of Ordway Tead, â€Å"Managers are both born and made.† Today, in large-sized business organizations, ownership and management are separate identities. The management lies in the hands of professional managers who are educated and trained. Thus, now the management can be considered as an acquired ability. Management as an Art, Science or Both A lot of controversy arises whether management is an art or science or both. It is said that the management is the oldest of arts and youngest of science. This explains the changing nature of management. But to have an exact answer to this question, it is necessary to understand both these aspects separately and combinedly, as given below: Management as an Art: Art refers to the way of doing specific things; it indicates how an object can be achieved. In the words of George R. Terry, â€Å"Art is bringing about of  a desired result through the application of skill.† Art is, thus, skilful application of knowledge which entirely depends on the inherent capacity of a person which comes from within a person and is learned from practice and experience. In this sense, management is certainly an art as a manager uses his skill, knowledge and experience in solving various problems, both complicated and non-complicated that arise in the working of his enterprise successful. In the words of Ernest Dale, â€Å"Management is considered as an art rather than science mainly because managerial skill is a personnel possession and is intuitive.† Management as a Science: Science may be described as a systematized body of knowledge based on proper findings and exact principles and is capable of verification. It is a reservoir of fundamental truths and its findings apply safely in all the situations. In this sense, management is a science as it has also developed some systematized knowledge. Like other sciences, management has also developed certain principles, laws, generalization, which are universal in nature and are applicable wherever the efforts of the people are to be coordinated. But management is not as exact science as other physical sciences like physic, chemistry, biology, astronomy etc. The main reason for the inexactness of science of management is that it deals with the people and it is very difficult to predict their behavior accurately. In this way, management falls in the area of ‘social sciences’. Thus, it is a social science. Conclusion- Management is an Art and Science Both From the above study, we conclude that management is an art and science both. According to American Society of Mechanical Engineers. â€Å"Management is the art and science of preparing, organizing and directing human efforts to control the forces and utilize the material of nature for the benefit of men. â€Å"Thus, it has now been accepted that management is an art as well as science. It has the elements of both arts and science. In the words of Dean Stanley, â€Å"Management is a mixture of an art an science – the present ratio is about 80% art and 20% science.† Man is known by company he keeps, and OfficeBOX is no exception. OfficeBOX team is made up of experienced professionals with vast experience in software solutions development and servicing to SMB sector. Through our Business Partnership program, we want to expand thisteam and work with entities that are driven by challenges of SMB sector. The only pre-requisites of becoming an OfficeBOX Business Partner is passion for driving change and willing to work as a team. We envision our Partnership program to create a team of change agents in SMB sector, and hence any prior exposure of working in SMB domain, especially around IT services, will certainly be useful. That gives both OfficeBOX and Partners a head-start in the partnership effort. OfficeBOX wants to include everyone in this revolution, but to name a few categories which relate immediately are: * Financial Account Writers & Chartered Accountants: OfficeBOX is the most advanced accounting software which enables Account Writers and Chartered Accountants maximize the value they offer to their customers. OfficeBOX becomes the most ideal partner for all the book-keeping and reporting needs of enterprises. * Hardware Vendors/Resellers: OfficeBOX understands the needs and challenges of SMB around application of IT to their businesses, and would like to partner with like-minded people in this area. Hardware Vendors/Resellers have been serving the SMBs for years for their IT requirements, making them an ideal choice for the partnership program. * Telecom/Internet Service Providers: OfficeBOX becomes the best add-on that Telecom/Internet Service Providers can offer to the SMB community. It enhances the value that SMB can derive out of the computerization and automation of their business processes. * Trade Associations: What’s good for one brother, is good for whole of the brethren. Who better knows this than the associations toiling day and night for maximizing the good of their members. Partnering with such associations allows OfficeBOX to reach out to the community and include them in the revolution. * Vocational Education Providers: OfficeBOX is the most appropriate platform to make the budding talent ready for their job of optimizing the business processes using the latest technology. Vocational Education Providers imparting such training to students becomes a good partner for OfficeBOX. In the commercial and legal parlance of most countries, a general  partnership (the basic form of partnership under common law), refers to an association of persons or an unincorporated company with the following major features: * Created by agreement, proof of existence and estoppel. * Formed by two or more persons * The owners are all personally liable for any legal actions and debts the company may face It is a partnership in which partners share equally in both responsibility and liability.[1] A partnership is an arrangement where parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. A ‘sole proprietorship, also known as the sole trader or simply a proprietorship, is a type of business entity that is owned and run by one individual and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. The owner receives all profits (subject to taxation specific to the business) and has unlimited responsibility for all losses and debts. Every asset of the business is owned by the proprietor and all debts of the business are the proprietor’s. It is a â€Å"sole† proprietorship in contrast with partnerships. Glos and Baker write that â€Å"A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person who is entitled to all of its profits,† Reed and Conover say â€Å"The single or the sole proprietorship is a business owned and controlled by one man even though he may have many other persons working for him. A sole proprietor may use a trade name or business name other than his or her legal name.

Biography of Sociologist George Herbert Mead

Biography of Sociologist George Herbert Mead When fields such as psychology and sociology were still new, George Herbert Mead became a leading pragmatist and pioneer of symbolic interactionism, a theory that explores the relationships between people in societies. More than a century after his death, Mead is widely considered to be one of the founders of social psychology, the study of how social environments influence individuals. Having taught at the University of Chicago for much of his career, he is also associated with what is now known as the Chicago school of sociology. Early Years and Education George Herbert Mead was born on  Feb. 27, 1863, in South Hadley, Massachusetts. His father Hiram Mead was a pastor of a local church but moved the family to Oberlin, Ohio to become a professor at Oberlin Theological Seminary in 1870. His mother Elizabeth Storrs Billings Mead also worked as an academic; she taught at Oberlin College and would go on to serve as president of Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts. In 1879, George Herbert Mead enrolled in Oberlin College, where he pursued a bachelors degree focusing on history and literature, which he completed four years later. After a brief stint as a school teacher,  Mead worked as a surveyor for the Wisconsin Central Railroad Company for a few years. Following that, he enrolled in Harvard University, where he studied psychology and philosophy, but he left in 1888 without a graduate degree. After Harvard, Mead joined his close friend Henry Castle and his sister Helen Kingsbury Castle in Leipzig, Germany, where he enrolled in a Ph.D. program for philosophy and physiological psychology at the University of Leipzig. In 1889, Mead transferred to the University of Berlin, where he began to study economic theory. The University of Michigan offered Mead a teaching position in philosophy and psychology two years later and he stopped his doctoral studies to accept this post, never actually completing his Ph.D. Prior to taking on his new role, Mead married Helen Castle in Berlin. Career At the University of Michigan, Mead met sociologist  Charles Horton Cooley, philosopher  John Dewey, and psychologist Alfred Lloyd, all of whom influenced the development of his thought and written work. Dewey accepted an appointment as the chair of philosophy at the University of Chicago in 1894  and arranged for Mead to be appointed assistant professor in the department of philosophy. Together with James Hayden Tufts, the three formed the nexus of American pragmatism, referred to as the Chicago Pragmatists. Meads Theory of the Self Among sociologists, Mead is most well known for his theory of the self, which he presented in his well-regarded and much-taught book Mind, Self and Society (published in 1934 after his death and edited by Charles W. Morris). Meads theory of the self maintains that the idea people have of themselves stems from social interaction with others. This theory opposes biological determinism  because it holds that  the self does not exist at  birth and may not be present at the beginning of a social interaction, but it is constructed and reconstructed in the process of social experience and activity.​ The self, according to Mead, is made up of two components: the â€Å"I† and the â€Å"me.† The â€Å"me† represents the expectations and attitudes of others (the generalized other) organized into a social self. Individuals define their behavior in reference to the generalized attitude of the social group(s) they occupy. When people can view themselves from the standpoint of the generalized other, self-consciousness in the full sense of the term is attained.  From this standpoint, the generalized other (internalized in the â€Å"me†) is the major instrument of social control, for it is the mechanism by which the community exercises control over the conduct of its individual members. The â€Å"I† is the response to the â€Å"me,† or the person’s individuality. It is the essence of agency in human action. So, in effect, the me is the self as object, while the I is the self as subject. According to Meads theory, the self is developed through three activities: language, play, and game. Language allows people to take on the â€Å"role of the other† and respond to their own behaviors through the symbolized attitudes of others. During play, individuals take on the roles of different people and pretend to be them to express their expectations. This process of role-playing is key to the generation of self-consciousness and to the general development of the self. People must comprehend the rules of the game and internalize the roles of everyone else involved. Meads work in this area spurred the development of symbolic interaction theory, now a major framework within sociology. In addition to Mind, Self, and Society, his major works include 1932s The Philosophy of the Present and 1938s The Philosophy of the Act. He taught at the  University of Chicago until his death on  April 26, 1931. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Top 10 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2013

Top 10 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2013 It’s that time of year again! This year I will address some of the top grammatical and spelling errors specifically found on resumes and business documents, both of which constitute a large portion of what I read. Here’s the list: #10 Inconsistencies in Bulleted Lists If you make a list of bulleted items, whether it be on a resume or on a website, make them consistent in terms of the part of speech you start with. Bullets that start with the words Provide, Assess, Ensure, and Designing are not parallel; nor are bullets that start with Creates, Teaches, Organized, and Fulfills. Perhaps the inconsistent word jumps off the page when listed this way, but I see mismatched bullets in many types of documents every day. Check your bulleted lists carefully! #9 Manager/Manger According to Wikipedia, a â€Å"manger† is â€Å"a feeder that is made of carved stone, wood, or metal construction and is used to hold food for animals (as in a stable).† A â€Å"manager,† in contrast, is a person in a professional setting who supervises a person or team. Don’t mix them up on your resume, or in your Christmas greetings ;-). #8 Principal/Principle â€Å"Principal† is an adjective meaning first, highest, or foremost in importance, rank, worth, or degree; or of, relating to, or being financial principal, or a principal in a financial transaction. It can also be a noun meaning a person with a leading role, or one who holds a position of presiding rank or who is a main participant in a situation. â€Å"Principle,† in contrast, is a basic truth, tenet or assumption. I realize this spelling distinction can be hard to remember. One trick I use to keep them straight is to think, â€Å"You’re my #1 pal† and know that the word ending in â€Å"pal† relates to someone or something that is #1. #7 PowerPoint/Powerpoint It’s a common error to miss the capital P in the middle of PowerPoint. Be careful when listing any computer programs on your resume to spell them correctly! #6 Set up/Setup â€Å"Set up† is a verb meaning to set something up or put something in a specified state. Notice that there is a word in between â€Å"set† and â€Å"up† in the definition of â€Å"set up,† which you can think of as being substituted with a space. You must set *something* (_) up. â€Å"Setup,† however, is a noun meaning the process of preparing something to be used. You might set up the menus in a restaurant if you work there, but you would go to a setup menu to get a computer program ready for use. #5 Inconsistent Dashes If you use dashes in between start and end dates on your resume, or between any items in a document, use the same length dash for every similar set of text! I almost always see inconsistencies, especially on resumes, and they appear unprofessional. Don’t write June 2011-July 2013 in one spot and August 2010- June 2011 in another. #4 Apostrophes This issue makes the list for the third year in a row. Main point: Creating a plural doesn’t require an apostrophe. One client, two clients. To make a singular word possessive, add an apostrophe ‘s’: e.g., I wrote one client’s resume today. To make a plural word possessive, add an apostrophe after the ‘s’: e.g., I reviewed 5 clients’ records and discovered errors in 3 of them. See Top 7 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2012 and Top 10 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2011 for more on this topic. #3 Everyday/Every day This is a repeat topic as well. Everyday is an adjective meaning â€Å"common† or â€Å"day-to-day.† Every day means â€Å"daily† or â€Å"each and every day.† Want to learn a trick to remember which is which? See Common Grammatical Errors: Everyday vs. Every Day. #2 Lead/Led The absolute most common spelling error on resumes is the use of â€Å"lead,† meant to be the past tense of â€Å"lead.† The past tense of the verb â€Å"to lead† is â€Å"led†! I would love to see this error disappear from the resume writing world. #1 Two spaces after a period! Sure there are people who still argue that two spaces after a period is acceptable, but I have been fully converted! I have trained my fingers and my eyes to put one space after each period, and I’m attempting to train my clients to â€Å"get with the program† as well. If it’s good enough for the Chicago Manual of Style, it’s good enough for me! Have a happy, healthy, and grammatically correct new year. And remember, I’m always open to hearing your suggestions for my 2014 list!

Sustainable Consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Sustainable Consumption - Essay Example Globalization is a process of integration among people, governments and companies through the mode of international trade, which is aided by the information technology. The procedure has an impact on culture, environment, economic development, political systems and the society. Globalization has helped to form an interdependent and interconnected world, where free transfer of capital as well as goods and services take place across national boundaries (Blowfield and Dolan, 2014). During the middle-ages, individuals, followed by corporations, bought and sold goods through the eminent Silk Road across Central Asia (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera, 2013). Likewise, globalization has substantially supported corporations to invest in other countries. Constant technological and policy developments over past few decades can be attributed to globalization. It has spurred a rise in the cross-border migration, investment and trade massively (Young, et al.,2014). The rapid globalization has enabled the world to enter into a new stage of economic development. Since 1950, the volume of trade globally has increased by almost 20 times (Gwynne and Cristobal, 2014). From 1997 to 1999, the inflow of foreign investment has nearly doubled from $468 to $4827 billion (Gwynne and Cristobal, 2014). The entire process of globalization has become cheaper, faster and deeper in the recent past (Daly, 2013). The fresh wave of globalization is driven by policies that have opened the econo mies internationally and domestically. Since the Second World War, the governments of various countries have adapted to the system of free market economy, which has facilitated improvement in their productivity, thereby creating innumerable new prospects for investment and international trade (Hall and Vredenburg, 2012).