Uniform Civil Code Essay Example for Free

Uniform Civil Code EssayIndia is a secular democratic country. Secularism means equal pay offs to everybody. The rights should not differ on the basis of sex or religion. The fact that India is having different Civil Code for different persons based on their religion does not suite its secular declare status. The two major laws that are governing the lives of most of the people of our country is the Hindu and Muslim law (Sharia law). Both these laws have varied approach to well-behaved rights. The marriage and divorce in Muslim law is one of controversial points that is male supportive. The concept of saying Talak three times will result in divorce without pull down the consent of the female partner. The alimony also needs to be given only for three months after divorce. These things are completely against the rights of women.The precaution is also a controversial issue. According to both the above said laws. The first guardian is the father and then the mother is the second guardian. This is completely against the right of the women towards her child.The Muslim law allows a male child to get 3 times the female child of their familys property. The HHiHindu law while it was not even asking for a share for the female child was later modified to allow equal partition of the wealth.There is an article in our constitution that allows the gray-headed British laws to exist unless otherwise notified and the law allowing everybody to follow any religion of their wish. It is not the time for our government to rob in religious leaders, scholars and law makers to a common table and devise a new common civil code with the goal of giving equal rights to everybody.

African American Religion Essay Example for Free

African American Religion Es supposeBefore Africans were brought to America during the slave trade, they had their own acculturation and society. They had their own language and dance. They also had their own religion. Hi bilgewater tells us that the Europeans estimableified their abuse toward the Africans as helping them be derive more civilized because the Africans lifestyle appeared funda mental to them and not as developed and industrialized as theirs. What is often over sprightlinessed is that even though Africans were taken from Africa and Americanized and corroborate been stripped of their religion, culture, language and even their name, the in truth essence of the African as a people did not go away. Some African American slaves rejected Christianitys religion because they saw it as the dust coat creations religion. History tells us American Slave Masters abused the Africans by whipping them like animals and by treating them inhumane. The particular that these slave masters wanted the African American to worship their idol was unacceptable for some because they could not fathom why they should worship a god who allowed people to be so badly treated.Some Africans accepted Christianitys religion and faith by identifying with Jesus Christ, the son of theology who according to the playscript was innocent of sin and yet he was beaten, bruised and crucified for the sins of the world. Some African Americans wanted to rem ain faithful to their heritage yet did not agree with the urge practices. band Hollys eccentric person is a good example of conforming to the economic prosperity of America which was founded by Christians. White Christians enforced Christian beliefs, values, and some practices found on the Euro American Christian interpretation of Christian text.Seth developed a kind of hatred for his own people proving that he has adopted the practices of white America in the early 1900s. Niggers coming up present from that old backwoods com ing up here from the country carrying Bibles and guitars looking for freedom. Seth says. They got a rude awakening (6). Seth signifies the African American who resents assimilation to the white American culture. But, at the same time, he too attempts to connect with his heritage by simply allowing Bynum to live in his home and bless it with his offers rituals. Seth also participates in an African dance ritual called the Juba.Bynums character is introduced by practicing conjure rituals. He cuts open pigeons and spreads its pitch onto him as a type of cleansing to communicate with spirits. Bynum represents the African American who chose to remain faithful to the religion of his heritage. Others who have elect the faith of Christianity view conjure rituals as evil, witchcraft, or demonic. Some African Americans wanted to remain faithful to their heritage yet did not agree with conjure practices anymore. Loomis walks in on the juba dance and goes into a trance after dinner at the boa rding house.He had a vision of skeletons emerge from a eubstance of piss. Loomis I done stopn bones rise up out the water. Rise up and walk across the water. Bones walking on top of the water (53). Loomis recognizes through the vision, his state of ignorance to the fill outledge that will lead him to the clean way of thinking. Bynum serves as a supporting character reacting to Loomiss trance. Bynum They walking around here now. Mens. Just like you and me. Come right up out the water (56). Loomiss trance and Bynums interpretation of it is a turning point in the story.The skeletons coming from the bottom of the sea in Loomiss vision represent the slave ships, the disorientation experienced by the slaves during emancipation, and the confusion of his release from Joe Turner. Both Loomis and Bynum have tapped into their contagious religion. The difference between the two is that Bynum represents the African who never renounced his religion and Loomis is the African-American who tur ned from conjure religion and converted to the faith of Christianity. After Joe turner took his life away from him, Loomis questioned his Christian faith and his identity.By walking in on the ancestral ritual of the Juba dance, Loomis literally walked into what he had actually been looking for, his religion, consequently, his ancestral identity and this is why he fell into the trance. Throughout the play conjures is encompasses four generations Bynums father, Bynum, Loomis, and the neighbor boy Reuben. Reubens vision is of Seths arrive by the pigeon coop, she encourages Reuben to release the caged pigeons. Wilson writes in a way that leads the reader to believe that Loomis needs to find his missing wife.Martha Pentecost is not the one who was lost Loomis was the one who was lost, query around from town to town, attempting. Loomis came into the state of belief when Bynum helped him translate his vision. That vision represented Loomis red back to his ancestral conjure religion. L oomis needed to find Martha Pentecost simply to say good-bye to her and their life former together. Up until this point of the story, I believed that Loomis needed to find his wife so they could live out the rest of their lives as a happy free family with their daughter.However, it is made pretty obvious this was never Loomiss intentions. That goodbye kept me out on the road searching, Loomis says, now that I see your face I can say my goodbye and make my own world (90). Martha Pentecost, a woman of Christian faith, represents the African who assimilated into white Americas culture and Loomis needed to find her to say good-bye to her and the Christian faith. Martha stands by her Christian faith by accusing Loomis you done gone over to the jaw (91). White mans religion believed that conjure was evil or the way of the devil.Loomis finds it easier to reject her for her Christian beliefs. Loomis Great big old white manyour Mr. Jesus Christ. Standing there with a whip in one hand and a tote board in another, them niggers swimming in a sea of cotton (92). Loomis proves with his statement, his version of a bible story that differed from other African Americans but was confusable to that of the white man who believed that they were on a level below God and the Africans were beneath them, Africans were one third of a person. Loomis now believes that if Africans are going to be free then they have to take charge of their own destiny.Martha Pentecost represents the African Americans religion, she identifies that Loomis needs to be washed in the kind of the lamb (92) and you done gone over to the devil. (91) Through class lessons I learned that African American slaves compared themselves with stories in the bible to instill go for of a life free from oppression, violence, and bondage. Jesus according to the bible was innocent of sin and yet he was beaten, bruised and crucified for the sins of the world. The hope of reigning in heave with Jesus is considered the crown ing(prenominal) reward for suffering lifes trials and tribulations.It is the faith of the African Americans who accepted Christianity religion. Blacks trusted in the Lord instead of man. America was Egypt in the exodus story and as long as the enslaving and oppressing took place America would face the same wrath as Egypt. Stand still and see the salvation of the Lord. The bible was depended on in justifying and motivation rebellion for the blacks and used as a tool to keep blacks enslaved by the whites. African Americans used sermons, verse, and prayer to convey and teach their heart and soul of travail and triumph of Israel.Some African Americans could not get past the treatment from the white people that called themselves Christians and as a result they rejected Christianity. Seligs role suggests that the link between characters is the acquisition of material goods. Selig admits that his ancestors have always made their living pursuing African Americas his great grandfather tra nsported slaves from Africa, his father captured romp slaves and returned them to their masters for a reward, and Selig locates displaced people for a fee. Selig attains his ecstasy through consumer capitalism, through the selling of material goods.African Americans are objects for exploitation and exchange in the raw economy. He binds African Americans to the economic system, demanding payment of his services and products which necessitates subsistence persistence by taking them from one construction site or work site to another, similar to a temporary employment agency today. You pay for an employee to work for some time, but Selig is getting paid by the person looking for work or a ride to a chance of freedom. Selig cannot find a person that has not purchased a dustpan from him because he keeps the names of his customers.Seth is determined to get to material success, he has very little patience for African Americans migrating north looking for the same prosperity that he desi res. Seth is very demanding of his patrons, insisting on advance payment in full, and is preoccupied with maintaining a respectable house. Its hard enough now without all that ignorant kind of acting. Ever since slavery got over with there aint been nothing but foolish-acting niggers. Word get out they need men to work in the mill and come out in these roads and niggers drop everything and head north looking for freedom. (5, 6) Seth wants to blend in with the white mans world therefore he keeps a link with Selig by negotiating the manufacturing and sale of dustpans.Seth does not have any idea of what it would be like to be a slave, as he was born free in the North and was educated. He demonstrates his education with his math calculation when dealing with the boarding house patrons and the quick notation of him letting Selig know that he is trying to overcharge him for the dust pan materials. Educational differences played a role in tension with Southern blacks, most of who were fo rbidden from skill to read, saw religion as a matter of oral tradition nd immediate experience and emotion.Northerner blacks, stressed that one could not truly be Christian unless they was able to read the Bible and understand it. This play denies individual price and identity for some of Wilsons characters. To be defrauded of the products of ones labor or to see that creation diminished, like with Jeremy and the guitar contest, is to be denied a reflection of individual worth and identity. If people have been separated from this truth of individual worth and identity through oppression their capacity to bond with one another, form friendships, or couples, families are undermined.Social alienation in Wilsons characters are denotative in their stores of broken relationships, uncertainty, or suspicion that they feel toward one another. Seth Something aint setting right with that fellow, Bynum. Hes one of them mean-looking niggers look like he done killed somebody gambling over a qua rter. (20) Connection between oppression, alienation from self and inability to form bonds with others is displayed in the character of Loomis. Joe Turners ability to oppress Loomis carried a judgment of non-worth. Loomis He told me I was worthless.Worthless is something you throw away. Something you dont bother with (73) Turners judgment of worthlessness forced Loomis to accept the reality of the white mans power he was marked as one of Joe Turners niggers and forced to forget his song. (71) Being modify from himself and displaced with his relation to the world, Loomis is unable to establish bonds with people around him. The oppression encountered by Wilsons characters is material or economic, that oppression is spiritual as well in the capacity to deprive the individual of a sense of himself or his unique song.The reawakening of Loomis after his encounter with cultural wisdom is not the self discovery of an modal(a) African American but creation of a new source of cultural wisd om, a new African holy man. Wilson uses many metaphors throughout the play. The song is a metaphor for Loomiss identity and the African American cultural identity. Music is a large part of African American identity, so it makes since that in search of ones identity they are searching for their song. The boarding house serves as an inn for traveling folk, but the tenants actually receive a form of healing during their stay.Tenants get direction and guidance from Bertha and Bynum. The shiny man that Bynum is in search for signifies African American independence. The man that Bynum met on the road was an autarkical African American, just as Loomis was freed by his past when he cleansed himself in his own blood. Bynum Herald Loomis, you shining You shining like new money (94) Loomis has dismiss that the blood of Christ can wash away his sins and make him the man he used to be, but by washing himself in his own blood he has sacrificed the old life to begin his new journey on his terms. Bynums shining man has been found, import his work is complete he has passed his powers on to the next generation, Loomis. They tell me Joe Turners come and Gone is a song that is sung by Bynum, when I first read the story I thought that the meaning was came and now he is dead however, the second time I read the play I realized that it meant that Joe Turner has come and snatched the men and now he is now gone. August Wilson uses symbolism in the play as a very important part in conveying the meaning of the story. Wilsons use of symbolism is demonstrated through Mr.Wilsons use of the road, Martha Pentecost, and Herald Loomis.Symbolic importance is give to the word freedom. The word freedom has instilled hope into the lives of African Americans during slavery, hope for the release from bondage after emancipation, the right to be educated, employed, and to move about freely twentieth century, social, political, and economic justice. Freedom has always stood for the absence of any rest raint, because God made all men from his image. There are a number of characters that travel around searching for their place in the world.Mattie, mentions that she keeps on looking, seems like she just keeps starting over, I aint never found no place for me to fit. (76) Reuben tells Zonia, when he finds out that she is leaving the boarding house in search of her mom, when I get grown, I come looking for you. (84) Jeremy does not seem to care much when he loses his job because, dont make me no difference. Theres a big road out there, I can always get my guitar and find me a place to stay. I aint planning on staying in one place for too long noway. (64) Martha Reverend Tolliver moved the Church up north because of the trouble the perform was having.When the Civil War finally brought freedom to previously enslaved African Americans, the task of organizing religious communities was only one element of the larger need to create new lives, to reunite families, to find jobs, and to fig ure out what it would mean to live in the United States as citizens rather than property. August Wilsons play, Joe Turners come and Gone, examines African Americans search for their cultural identity following slavery.

Topics In Cultural Studies Essay Example for Free

Topics In Cultural Studies EssayTrade relationship among Latin the States and get together States of America was believed to have improved in 1980s. However, the progress that should have been reaped after the post cold war has not been applied. though there are possibilities that the two countries will have a more productive engagement in trade, there was still a tension among the trade relationship between Latin America and United States (Shifter, 2007). In the past and up to these days, the United States of America had had been supporting the assets of economic reform. Trade repose and privatization are the most prioritized project in the economic reform of the United States. Economic reform was considered the basis for prosperity of the country. In the past, Latin American politics had also been able to adapt to the economic reforms of the United States because they believe that this is the pattern of hemispheric policy when it comes to the engagement of trade towards U nited States (Shifter, 2007). Latin America was considered to be a sphere wherein it is the fastest growing market for the United States export products. From the history of trade in the past, Latin America is pass judgment to become the worlds primary market for the products and services that came from United States (Shifter, 2007). The total exports of the United States to the Latin American region amounted to about 13 one thousand thousand dollars in 1996, which had surpassed the export figures on 1990. US products were also exported in China but it only amounted to $10 B dollars in 1990 having Latin American region to have a larger amount of export form the United States (Shifter, 2007).Latin America is now engaging trade between China and United States need not to worry because they will not be displaced immediately by Chinese market. The trade relationship between China and Latin America had not been that significant not unlike the significance of the trade relationship bet ween Latin America and United States (Frechette, 2006).Literature CitedFrechette, M. (2006). Rethinking Latin AmericaA New Approach in US Foreign Policy. Academy and Policy, Vol. 28 (2). Harvard International Review.Shifter, M. (2007). United States-Latin American Relations Shunted to the Slow Track. Retrieved September 18 2007 from http//www.currenthistory.com/archivefeb98/shifter.html

Dissertation Methodology

Dissertation MethodologyHow to Write a Dissertation MethodologyThe methodology chapter of the dissertationNot all dissertations require a dissertation methodology instalment and so you should check with your supervisor and/or course enchiridion as to whether your individual department expects one to be included. Customarily, the methodology section will comprise ten to fifteen per cent of the dissertation. As a general rule, undergraduate dissertations in subjects such as law, politics and history do not require methodology sections (as such dissertations tend to be focused on the reinterpretation of active data) whereas dissertations that involve the collection of new data, via interviews or experiments, for example, do require explicit methodology sections (for instance, in risk management, business, or chemistry). In dissertations that do not bluster a methodology chapter, the word count released is divided among the other(a) sections.There atomic number 18 two main research types and three main types of research analysis. These are, respectively, main(a) and secondary research, and quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research analysis methods.Primary research relates to the collection of primary (new) data or the use, in history, of sources pen at the time of the aftermath you are studying by actors within that period. A questionnaire that you conduct as part of your research would be primary research and a garner written by Henry VIII would also be a primary source.Secondary research refers to data that has already been published and the re-examination of that data and further workout of it within your study. The reusing of a questionnaire and the results that have already been published would be secondary research in the same way that a book explaining the aforementioned letter by Henry VIII would also be a secondary source.Quantitative research entirely produces results on the specific issue that is being investigated and uses statistical, m athematical, and computational programmes. A closed-ended questionnaire would be analysed using quantitative research if the researcher merely computed the results and produced a series of comments as to the percentages of respondents who gave specific answers. A common programme by which to analyse quantitative research is SPSS. soft research tends to be used more in the social sciences and the arts and is when a researcher seeks to ask wherefore and how something has happened and explains the reasons with recourse to empirical mathematical models. Within primary research that uses qualitative research, small focus groups can often be employed. An open-ended questionnaire that collates and assesses a run away of verbal responses would be analysed using qualitative techniques as the answers given do not lend themselves to being processed in the manner described to a higher place relating to closed questionnaires.A mixed methodology features aspects of each or all of the above tec hniques. In a dissertation where one is assessing, for instance, the effects of flooding in the Wirral peninsula, it is likely that all the research techniques mentioned above would be used. Secondary data would be used through a literature review, closed-ended questionnaires could be analysed using a statistical panel and interviews with experts would be commented upon with reference to existing literature. Accordingly, both primary and secondary research techniques would be utilised as well as qualitative and quantitative mechanisms.Dissertation Methodology ExamplesWhich approach you use depends upon the subject matter and the means by which primary data will be collected. Clearly, if your dissertation is generally a review of existing data then your methodology will be centred upon secondary data. Conversely, if you are undertaking street interviews on issues of fashion for a BA in Fashion Marketing, you will be more involved in collecting primary data and will then need to res olve whether you analyse your data through qualitative or quantitative methods, or a mixed-method approach. It is strongly recommended that you undertake further reading on methods of research.The methodology section will explain why you have chosen to adopt the approach you are using. In so doing, you should also note (briefly) what is inappropriate about the other approaches as well as the ways in which you have overcome any negatives that are associated with your approach. Thus, for instance, you might, if conducting interviews, note that you have used some closed questions so that the personal bias of the interviewer (you) is minimised.Whichever approach you use it is important that you justify your decision and that you do so via reference to existing academic works and writing only in the third person. As with the background section of your dissertation, your methodology section needs to be grounded in existing academic opinion. The following books provide not only an overvie w of methodological approaches (and the strengths and weaknesses associated with each) but are also the sorts of books that your lecturers may expect to see referenced within your methodology section, depending on the type of course you are doing.Denscombe, M. (2010). The good research guide (4thedn). Maidenhead Open University Press.Bryman, A. (2015). Social research methods (5thedn). Oxford Oxford University Press.Bell, J. (2014). Doing your research project(6thedn).Maidenhead Open University Press.Flick, U. (2015). Introducing research methodology(2ndedn). London SAGE.Ritchie, J. and Lewis, L. (2013). Qualitative research practice A guide for social science students and researchers(2ndedn). London SAGE.Robson, C. (2016). Real world research (4th edn). Oxford Blackwell Publishing.Silverman, D. (2017). Doing qualitative research A practical handbook (5th edn). London SAGE.

Four Main Religions In Sri Lanka

Four Main Religions In Sri LankaThere is four main religions in Sri Lanka Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Christianity. The maps on the adept hand side show where, and percent proportion of each religion in Sri Lanka.Buddhism Theravada Buddhism is the majority religion in Sri Lanka, with about 70% of the countrys population as followers. Around 200 BC, Buddhism became the official religion of Sri Lanka. However, later on, Hindu and European colonial influences contributed to the decline of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. By the mid 19th century, a Buddhist monk started a revival movement in Sri Lanka. This movement eventually helped to return Buddhist dominance in Sri Lanka.Buddhism is a religion based on the teaching by Siddharta Gautama (Buddha). There atomic offspring 18 collar different schools in Buddhism Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana. In Sri Lanka they practise Theravada. Theravada way of life the Teaching of the Elders or the Ancient Teaching, and is the oldest of the schools. I t is relatively conservative, and largely closest to early Buddhism. In Theravada Buddhism Buddha is above all an enlightened teacher which can show you the path to Nirvana. The monks consume a high status, and are the tho(prenominal) ones who can accomplish full enlightening. The religious ideal is Arhat, which is someone who has gained full enlightening and can thereby reach Nirvana. Nirvana is the contradictory of affliction. The word means to die out and that hatred, desire and ignorance takes an end. Nirvana denotes the condition that takes place when all karma is exhausted. First and foremost, the Theravada philosophy is a continuous analytical process of life, not only a set of ethics and rituals. The ultimate theory of Theravada uses the Four Noble Truths these can be described as the problem, the cause, the solution and the pathway to solution. The Noble octuple Path, the fourth of the Buddhas Noble Truths, is the way to the cessation of suffering. 1. Viewing reality as it is, not just as it appears to be. 2. Intention of renunciation, freedom and harmlessness. 3. Speaking in a truthful and non-hurtful way. 4. Acting in a non-harmful way. 5. A non-harmful livelihood. 6. Making an effort to improve. 7. Awareness to see things for what they are with clear consciousness being aware of the introduce reality within oneself, without any craving or aversion. 8. Correct meditation or concentration.Buddha lived a life filled with love, compassion and charity. He formed cardinal maxims to guide the people 1.) I shall not kill any living being. 2.) I shall not steel. 3.) I shall not abuse sexually (only one partner). 4.) I shall not speak un line up. 5.) I shall not use drugs.Hinduism Hindus make up 16% of Sri Lankas population. As Buddhism, it experienced some decline during the European colonization. In ripe times the religion is still dominant in the Northern and Eastern provinces. The most important Hindu religious figure in Sri Lankan modern tarradi ddle is, Satguru Siva Yogaswami of Jaffna. One of the greatest and most profound mystics of the twentieth century, Yogaswami was the official satguru and counseling sage of Sri Lankas several million Tamil Hindu population. Satguru is a true guru, a master. Hindu practices generally involve seeking awareness of matinee idol. At home, Hindus often create a shrine with icons dedicated to their chosen form of God. Temples are usually dedicated to a primary deity along with associated subordinate deities. Visiting temples is not obligatory, and many visit temples only during religious festivals. Today three Gods are widely seen as all powerful Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Brahma is regarded as the ultimate source of creation Shiva also has a creative exercise alongside his function as destroyer. Vishnu is seen as the preserver or protector of the universe. Out of these three, Vishnu and Shiva are far more widely represented and have come to be seen as the most powerful and important in the belief of Sri Lankan followers.Islam Today, about 8% of Sri Lankans handset to Islam. By the 15th century, Arab backuprs had controlled much of the trade on the Indian Ocean, including that of Sri Lankas. Many of these traders settled down in Sri Lanka, encouraging the spread of Islam. However, when the Lusitanian arrived at Sri Lanka during the 16th century, many of their Muslim descendants were persecuted, hence forcing them to migrate to the Central Highlands and to the east coast. In modern times, Muslims in Sri Lanka are handled by the Muslim Religious and Cultural Affairs Department, which was established in the eighties to prevent the continual isolation of the Muslim community from the rest of Sri Lanka.There are two major denominations of Islam, the Sunni and Shia. The schism developed in the late seventh century following disagreements over the religious and political leadership of the Muslim community. Roughly 85 percent of Muslims are Sunni and 15 percent are Shia . Muslims call up that God revealed the Quran to Muhammad, Gods final prophet, and regard the Quran and the Sunnah (words and deeds of Muhammad) as the fundamental sources of Islam. The Five Pillars of Islam is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. These five practices are essential to Muslims 1. Shahadah (profession of faith) 2. Salat (prayers) 3. Zakat (giving of alms/charity) 4. Sawm (fasting, specifically during Ramadan) 5. Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)Christianity Christianity make up 8% of Sri Lankas population, most are Catholics. Christianity first came to Sri Lanka upon the arrival of the Portuguese in the sixteenth century. Under their rule, Roman Catholicism was spread out on the Island with many Roman Catholic schools for the Sinhalese and the Tamils. When the Dutch took control of Sri Lanka, they boost their own missionaries of the Dutch Reformed Church. Under their patronage, 21 percent of the population in the low country was officially Christian by 1722. The relative number of Christians in Sri Lanka has declined steadily since the end of colonial rule.The Catholic Church holds that there is one eternal God, who exists as a mutual indwelling of three persons God the Father God the Son and the Holy Spirit. There are seven sacraments in the Catholic Church that the Catholics go after Baptism is the ritual act, with the use of water, by which a person is admitted to membership of the Christian Church, Confirmation is one of the seven sacraments through which Catholics pass in the process of their religious upbringing. According to Catholic doctrine, in this sacrament they receive the Holy Spirit. Eucharist refers to both the celebration of the Mass, that is, the Eucharistic liturgy, and the consecrated bread and wine which according to the faith become the body and tide rip of Christ. Penance (confession) is the method given by Christ to the Church by which individual men and women may be freed from sins committed after receiving Baptism. Anointing of the down in the mouth is the ritual anointing of a sick person. Holy Orders includes three orders bishop, priest, and deacon. Matrimony catholic marriage.

Challenges And Opportunities During Handover Nursing Essay

Ch finishedlyenges And Opportunities During Handover Nursing EssayVariations in talk during staff yieldover shit a signifi derrieret issuing of errors and near misses to occur, leading to adverse let oncomeIn medical c atomic government issue 18, a hand over (also known as hand run into, sign-out or end of eluding report in the USA) refers to tuition close to a affected role that is transferred by unrivaled professional or a squad to an other.The primary heading of a hand over is to provide accurate information about a patients fear, treatment and services, current condition and any recent or anticipated changes.The number and types of handovers for any given infirmary patient feces vary and may involve medicos, accommodates, p vilifyacists, transport and other servicesHandovers are not simply a mechanical means for transmitting and receiving information. In medical care, a hand over requires that the sender consider a patients play condition and his/her likely future over the next 8-12 hours. Likewise the receiver must comprehend what is creation transmitted and feel confident about the pellucidity and reli mogul of the message. In sum total handover also involves the transfer of rights, duties and obligations as they relate to the meaning and interpretation of colloquy between one and only(a) professional and another.Interest in handovers has grown steadily over the past decade and investigateers, hospital administrators, educators and policy makers s whoreson learned that variations in communication during handovers cause a signifi brush asidet number of errors and near misses to occur leading to adverse outcomeAccording to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) USA, up to 98000 patients die and another 15 million are harmed in US hospitals annu tout ensembley due to medical errors, and two-thirds of these errors are due to communication failure.Question 1Read the case study 1, and based on the information given write an essay to let in the answers to the pursuit questionsAnalyse the methods of internal communication you would recommend to ensure that hand over work out in hospital wards is made efficientlyA patient muckle be cared for by five different units during one hospital anticipate the operating room, postanesthesia care unit, critical care unit, step-down unit and medical/ functional unit which makes in effect(p) communication between the units all the more important. Hand offs help staff members process information, plan care and build the wellness care team.The five strategies for effective hand-off communication include (a) the usage of clear language health care professionals should forfend and bring to an end from using unclear or potentially confusing terms ( such as she is a little unst open, he is doing fine, she is lethargic). Define the terms being utilize and never use abbreviations or jargons that could be misinterpreted. (b) Healthcare professionals should incorporate effective communication techniques such as limit interruptions, commission on the information being exchanged, and allocate sufficient time to this important task. at that place is a motivating to implement read- jeopardize or check back techniques to make sure there is a common judgement about expectations. There is a need to encourage interactive questioning to allow for better information absorption. Keep the report patient centered and avoid irrelevant details, (c) there is a need for standardized shift-to-shift and unit-to-unit reporting. Using a consistent format increases the amount of information staff members accurately record and re distinguish and improves their ability to plan patient care. Organize the data with a sign-out checklist, a script or an at a glance locating display. Make sure you can provide prompts of important information to pass on that is otherwise likely to be forgotten in the chaos of shift or unit changes. Keep the report concise and accurate.What is incl uded in hand-off communication varies by setting and discipline but can also include a summary of the patients current medical status, resuscitation status, recent lab values, allergies, a problem list and a to-do list for the covering physician or nurse. Get input from frontline staff to identify what should be included in the report.Smooth hand offs between settings is accomplishable through the transition between the settings of care such as from the hospital to home, connection or long term care can be undependable. To prevent problems, go with the physician when a patient is admitted and update him or her whenever the patients status changes significant.On discharge, provide the patient with information about discharge medications, discharge diagnoses and results of procedures and labs. A simple follow up call to the patient by a physician, nurse or pharmacist can prevent many postdischarge errors.Assess the impacts of barriers of internal communication within the hospital t o strive effective handoverHand off communication provides a forum for the exchange of ideas, opportunities to express concerns and a pace for offering peer support. Hand off can be a time when health care workers may find it permissible to express and communicate emotions such as grief, anxiety, loathing or fun that must be suppressed outside the health care arena and can be particularly important for hospital staff members who are condole with for terminal patients in hospital acute medical wards.Communications among care providers, responsibility for the patient, shift-change handovers, coordination among providers and different areas of the hospital and physician- nurse interaction are just around of the problems evident in the case.According to Anderson and Helms (1995), continuity of care is a series of interconnected patient care events within a health care governance and among multiple settings that requires coordination across time, settings and providers of health car e.In the health care setting, hand offs include nursing shift changes, temporary relief or coverage, nursing and physician hand offs from an emergency department, diverse transfers of information in inpatient settings and transfers to different hospitals, nursing homes and home care or confederation health care.In addition to causing emotional harm such as anxiety and confusion to patients and their family members during already stressful situations, poor transition can cause physical harm to patients in which poor hand off communication lead to patient harm.Proper communication between nurses at all points during a patients hospital stay can be difficult because of high patient turnover, lack of overlap between shifts and time constrains. Adding to the problem is the increasing use of agency nurses and the large number of nurses involved in each patient care4. For a number of other reason, there may be gaps in information that is handed from one nurse to the other like new admis sions just prior to shift change, fragmentation of communication between physicians and nurses, time available to conduct hand offs and the lack of acquaintance about an individual patients condition as well. Due to these barriers to effective hands off there are certain things to improve communication, (a) increase consistency in assigning nurses to the same patients over a number of shifts, (b) structure hand offs to focus on patient progress rather than on tasks (c) include physicians in the hand-off process when feasible and (d) combine the strengths from the different styles of hand-off communications strategy that meets the needs of the individual patient and the plaque or unit.Identify how to occasion an effective communication structure which is standardised within the hospital to improve compliance with effective handoverAs part of the transition in care, hand offs transfer knowledge as well as responsibility and authority. Failures in adequate hand-off communication may result from the inability of staff members to construct a shared picture of what is way out on with the patient at the time of transition, as well as expectations and plans. Standardizing hands off communication can help health care workers avoid common causes for communication failures during hand offs such as the chase (a) physicians and nurses consistently perform their rounds separately, (b) no formal tools are used to support the transition, (c) hand off communications vary greatly, with some occurring one-on-one and some in groups, (d) some sites have standard orders for handling off patients, (e) exchanges are more transactional than interactional, (f) interruptions are denounce during hand offs.There are multiple venues on how to create an effective communication structure which is standardised can be done through the sideline steps (a) physician hand offs including resident-to-resident hand off should include information about code status for all patients, ( b) effect ive death penalty of information applied science can improve the availability of advance directive information, (c) health care organizations should have a procedure for reporting critical tests and critical results in a timely manner to the responsible licensed caregiver who ordered the test or an authorized agent of the responsible licensed caregiver, (d) physicians are responsible for trailing the results on laboratory tests they order. Checklists and other interventions aimed at decreasing lapses in concentration can prevent for ticktockting about ordered tests, (e) hospitals should strive for a communication surroundings where care team members are free to question each others knowledge.Actively engage patients and their families about their care. Use effective and active communication with members of a surgical team when planning procedures based on contingencies. Healthcare worker should engage in formal mechanisms for communicating changes in patient plans such as orders, checklists and briefings including telling of relevant providers.Using checklists, hand off cards and computerized hand offs can increase the quality, reliability and accuracy of information obtained. Verbal techniques such as read-backs where listeners repeats back salient issues, should be instituted as a standard part of the hand off process.Standard information transfer protocols, such as reminder systems to cue providers to check tests, mandates that laboratories or receiving setlogy departments contact providers about critical lab values and read -backs of place verbal information, should be adopted by health care organization to prevent transitional errors.( Word count 1200 )Case study 2Redevelopment of the Kings College Hospital nip DepartmentKings College Hospital unveiling Trust was investing significant resources to completely redesign its compulsion Department. The aim was to improve facilities for all its patients, in particular moral health service users, follo wing the closure of the local mental health emergency mental health eagernessA formal quotation process was necessary to compile the make of local people on its proposals.Despite this being a renovation which affected the whole local alliance, there was a risk that not all voices would be heard and that only those who had been campaigning against the closure of the dedicated mental health facility would engage.There was a need to give all sections of the community the opportunity to contributeQuestion 2Read the case study 2, and based on the information given write an essay to include the answers to the following questionsAnalyze the methods of immaterial communication you would use for the most effective dissemination of the information about the redevelopment at the Kings College Hospital, to all section of the communityThe improvements postulate for the Emergency Department by the Kings College Hospital Foundation Trust relies so much on the contribution and support of t he community. Since the undefiled hospital would require a full gear shift in order to accommodate the influx of mental patients since a mental health facility has been brought to a closure. There is a need to gather the consensus and consult the community since it will affect the undefiled population with the changes in the hospital itself. There will be changes in the assignation of budget, staffing and availability of healthcare professionals. Thus, there is a need to solicit the opinion and support of the local community.Sources of information outside the organization can provide an consciousness of opportunities and challenges that the organization needs to anticipate or that it has encountered in the past. Important types of external information includes publics who come in contact with the organization, information networks linking individuals inside and outside of the healthcare organization, portrayals of the organization by key individuals and the media and information about social, economic and environmental issues related to the redevelopment of the entire Emergency Room of the hospital.It should be the goal of the entire hospital administration to ensure the effective and full redevelopment of the Emergency department to be responsive to the dynamic local needs. There is a need to conduct a thorough consultation process in order to facilitate the proper solicitation of the opinion from the entire community. This will allow consultation initiatives which will allow the local community to air out their sentiments and opinions with regards to site epitome, opportunities and constraints related to the building form, landscape and heritage. The attitude of the community towards the redevelopment of the health facility can be examined through consultation initiatives.The hospital should ensure that the community feedback was solicited at key project milestones and can be done through the role of newsletters, websites, site open day, community walk s or even open forums.Further consultation will facilitate the understanding of the community regarding the final plans with the redesigning of the Emergency department. There should be a report related to the environmental sagacity for public scrutiny and exhibition. This will allow the local community to have informed decisions about the proposal for the redesigning of the Emergency department.In this way, it will ensure the support from the various sectors of the community. It will facilitate the smooth operations of the hospital in its aim to allow the needs of mentally inflicted patients within the community.Assess the impact of external communication barriers on relationships with various community groupsSince there is a need for the redevelopment of the Emergency Department of the Kings College Hospital, a thorough community consultation should be done.Effective exercise and relationship with the local community can lead to better assessment and effective planning. It will ensure better and sensible decisions and more excellent outcomes which can help in the avoidance of delay in the planning and implementation of the redevelopment of the emergency room. Through the consultation with the community, it will lead to an improvement of the confidence in the fairness and credibility of the plan to redesign and develop the Emergency room into a facility which can cater the needs of the clients suffering from mental affliction.The hospital administration expects the consultation and external communication with various community groups to be effective in order to find meaning from the planning process to enable the various groups to be reflected in the development of the proposal to redevelop the facility.There should be a consensus from various community groups to eliminate resistance and foster acceptance of the project. Early engagement with the community groups will ensure that the views and interests of the entire group into the proposed redevelopment.B arriers to effective external communication would be the failure of involvement in the identification and involvement of the people and the organization who are interested to focus on the engagement to further consult each other.Failure of the healthcare facility to fulfil the requirements of the statutory community consultation. The submission of a proposal to various community groups and stakeholders will provide an avenue for the community to contribute regarding the development of the project and its planning phase.The stakeholders are those with some stake or opinion in the decisions to be made in the entire community. These community groups provide the voice in behalf of the people who are affected by the decisions made.Various community groups which can be affected by the change in health care facility are the local government, families and support groups of mentally challenged individuals, healthcare professional alliances, environmental groups and even the neighbourhood whe re the facility is conjectural to be built.The involvement of these stakeholders should include direct access to facilitate consultative process. The involvement of many stakeholders as possible is very important to make sure that there is effective communication to prevent resistance among the locals. Through the face-to-face dialogue there will be an increase in the likelihood that all opinions and views are taken into consideration. This is very important since the silent majority is fully involved in the process of consulting with the entire community.Identify how to create an effective external communication structure in the hospital based on the experience of the above case studyThe redevelopment of the Emergency room of the Kings College Hospital will definitely involved the entire community. Since this reorganization of the physical arrangement of the hospital is caused by the closure of a mental health institution located within the vicinity of the community. Consulting wi th the community will truly evoke the sentiments and opinions of the entire population.In order to thoroughly and completely gather the insights of various community groups, information dissemination regarding the proposed organizational redevelopment. This is to make sure that the public has been informed of the plans to reorganize the hospital to further accommodate the mental health needs of the entire community. These can be done through publication of newsletters in local community papers in circulation. Local television programs and radio stations can help in informing the public for such plans related to an existing health facility. This will allow the entire community to get a birds eye view of what to expect and how the redevelopment of the Emergency Room should affect them.A community dialogue can be organized by the external affairs department of the hospital in order to provide a venue for the community and the hospital administration to discuss the conditional relation , the importance and the plans on how to make such changes in the healthcare institution.Walk in and open house events can be done to allow community members to personally own and assess the necessity of a redevelopment. It should include the necessary information and facts for the need to accommodate mental health patients. In this way, it will magnify the positive responses from the community itself.There is a need for the hospital administration to ensure that they make the most comprehensive information regarding the need for such redevelopment. It will ensure a favourable response and an informed decision from the entire community.After the first touch base with the community, the hospital administration can start planning out a proposal on how to carry out the plans for the redevelopment of the emergency room. The hospital administration should provide a proposal involving the finances to support, the needed manpower, currency and machineries for the plans to be executed. Th ere should be proper coordination with the various departments of the hospitals to thoroughly cover staffing needs of various areas of the hospital that would be affected by the changes, budget allocations and the relocation area for the emergency department while the redevelopment is ongoing.( Word count 1200 )Case study 3 genius audit and communication support for NHS Milton Keynes figureNHS Milton Keynes wanted to improve its communication with all stake holders (GPs, patients, voluntary groups, partner organisations and politicians), and raise its profile in the local media to enable it to deliver on dispute issues such as the national 18 weeks wait and public health objectives and priorities.A strategic plan need to be implemented to achieve this objectiveRead the case study 3, and based on the information given write an essay to include the answers to the following questionsQuestion 3Plan an effective communications strategy to communicate with the stakeholders of the NHS Mi lton Keynes to raise its profile and communicate its strategic objectivesAlthough the benefits of having a good reputation are many and varied, they come down to one thing a strong reputation creates a strategic advantage. Since companies are constantly competing for the support of the stakeholders, clients, local communities and employees. A good reputation creates an intangible blockage that lesser rivals will have a tough time overcoming.A good reputation enhances profitability because it attracts customers to the companys product, clients and employees to its jobs. In turn, esteem inflates the price at which a public companys securities trade. The economic value of corporate reputation can therefore be gauged by the excess market value of its securities.To successfully manage reputation, a company must establish the programs necessary for actively relating and communicating to the stakeholders of a hospital or healthcare institution. The company must regularly audit or check in to its reputational profile. There is a need to fully execute reputational auditing which would allow thorough diagnostic review of the hospitals current identity. Images and reputation.A reputation audit can help manage and analyse the gaps between the desired reputation, aims, roles and values of the healthcare institute. A research or survey can be conducted to effectively communicate what the stakeholders, community members regarding their priorities and perceptions in the impact and significance of the institution itself. At the end of the reputation audit, the hospital will know which are working and what organizational changes should be done to further reach out to its target population.There should be a leadership consensus about the significant issues as well as corporate dialogue. There should be thorough evaluation of the internal capabilities and available resources to support the necessary changes to improve image and reputation.Media monitoring can be one of the ship way to effectively identify the essential understanding of the concurrent reputation of the hospital. It will give a warning on the development of issues and will give you the ability to determine if news coverage is negative or positive. There should be a positive relationship with media through media training for the key players of the organization who have credibility on the issues on hand.Measuring the reputation of a company is a dynamic and complex process. A range of issues can be assessed and evaluated. broad(a) reputation management is about developing high sensitivity to the concerns and expectations of all stakeholders and establishing a mature dialogue with them so that actions taken that principally affect one stakeholder group recognize the concerns and expectations of all the others. Reputation management is synonymous to risk management which involves anticipating the downside risks to the companys reputation from losing support from any stakeholder whose personal i nterest might bias from those of the institution.Communications among organizations should be monitored in order to ensure marketing and branding activities will align with other efforts to build a better reputation for the hospital. The key point to main(prenominal)tain the alignment of a reputation audit. In this way, it can help the organization to determine the effectiveness in a driving engagement and achieving favourable results with external stakeholders such as the media, clients, customers and various community groups.Discuss how you would implement your communication strategy.Corporate communication has in recent times evolved into a full field of study, both in practice and in scientific theory. Grant (1996) has in my opinion tackled the most important issues in the area of coordination of all forms of communication. He argues that there are four mechanisms within an organization that integrate specialist knowledge (such as communication knowledge). These are (a) rules and instructions, procedures, rules, standardized information and communication systems, (b) sequencing the organization of the primary process in a sequential can be improved is the extent to which the story can be characterized as sustainable. concurrence in communication is one of the crucial factors in increasing success with corporate communication. This implies the necessity of ensuring the clarity about who is responsible for what and especially about what.Reputation acts like a resource to the company- one that is difficult to gain and difficult to imitate, and that enables the company to achieve superior levels of performance. Companies with better corporate reputations are better able to improve their operating performance over time. The higher levels of operating performance that result from a good reputation virtually guarantee that a company will receive favourable endorsements from stakeholders and the media. Charles Fombrun and Mark Shanley showed that reputations me nsurable by Fortunes most admired company ratings were heavily influenced by a health institutions performance, media visibility and significance to the community, strategic behaviour heavily intertwined.(C. J. Fombrun V. Rindova 2001).Organizations are increasingly aware of the fact that the joint communication efforts by all specialists in this field in an organization are not always effective. Communication is sometimes fragmented or even contradictory. The magic phrase by which solutions to this problem are often looked for seems to be integration of communication.The hospital should be able to identify which organizational activities related to external stakeholders should be analyzed. The perspectives of higher-level functional categories within the organizations communication strategy. There should be an analysis on the branding, advertising, public relations and even maintaining online presence through a website or webpage, community management or social media strategy thro ugh facebook or twitter.Afterwards, you can start rating your current level of effectiveness for the various categories of communicating with external stakeholders. A target audience should be consulted for each of the areas of external communication strategy, determine what you want to accomplish and if you have achieved the goals you have to improve the reputation of the health institution. The ratings will help you identify the areas by which you are supposed to concentrate and improve and develop strategies to realign them with the goals of the healthcare institution.Corporate reputation is the entire expectations and perceptions of the stakeholders about the hospital in reference to the personal ideals of the stakeholders. Reputation of the hospital is not necessarily informed by any form of actual knowledge, form of communication or mere interaction within the company which can be communicated by various stakeholders outside the institution. Management of reputation must inclu de managing and monitoring perceptions in order to achieve favourable response from the community, patients and other members of the community.How would you evaluate the effectiveness of your communications strategy?A communication strategy is a model or guide of which you can follow to help create effective messages for specific purposes. Health care communication strategies offer advice or suggestions about gaining insights into a patients background and health care beliefs. Strategies are also precious in helping overcome barriers to effective communication between hospital, stakeholders, caregivers and patients.Communicating effectively and often during a reputation improvement process is essential. Crises create unsettling ambiguities. Companies veneering crisis are usually under siege from the media, the financial community, disgruntled employee, online and offline critics and in some cases the hospital administrators. Rescuing reputation and taking the first steps on the c artroad to long term recovery require a greater level of communications than is typical in less stressful times.Communications from the top are needed in heave doses to steady the employees who may e reeling from bad news or uncertainty.It is the leaders job to choose the most effective channel and the right words, and then give communications their most meaning during challenging times.In professional organizations, developing external communication strategies that emphasize consistency and constancy is very important. Internally, induction and training procedures can be usefully employed to encourage professionals to behave in standardized ways when dealing with clients. However, the need to be carefully monitored to ensure that a balance between individual creativity and firm goals is struck. The study by Covaleski et al. (1998) highlighted the problems with two such induction strategies MBO (management by objectives) and mentoring.Opinions research rely on polls to gauge publi c opinion. We may well want to construct reputational profiles and rankings of companies in quite similar ways. To determine the effectiveness of the communication strategy by the healthcare institution, there should be careful identification of each members of the constituent groups. The effectiveness of the communication strategy can be measured with the proper solicitation of feedbacks and ratings from relevant areas of the institution to specific target audience.The better represented are all of the companys constituents in the reputational audit, the more valid is the reputational profiles that it can generate. The main concern is with the constructing samples of constituents that will not have bias results. To achieve a representation of the population at large, political pollsters advocate random sampling- respondents are not selected because of their typicality or of their representatives.Insofar as corporate ratings accurately reflect the multiple images of a company that a re being disseminated, they provide a useful tool for assessing the companys overall performance. For some companies, the fragmented images will converge, producing strong reputations.Communication is used to determine who needs to know something, what they need to know and how best to interact with them. A strategic public relations program will address the audience that is relevant to the public relations and reputation improvement campaign. Research initiatives should link this understanding to the reputation improvement endeavours of the hospital. In the process, it must provide a benchmark from which to judge the impact and effectiveness of the public relations strategy utilized by the healthcare institution.Word count 1500 )

Death, Using symbolic Interactionism and Codes Essays -- Sociology

As human beings we react towards things depending on the meaning it gives us as an individual or a society. For interactionsists, what marks human beings off from all other animals is their elaborate semiotics a symbol-producing capacity which enables them to produce a history, a culture, and very intricate webs of ambiguous communications (Turner, B. 200). Death is a sociological issue that affects everybody from different cultures, religions, and argonas of the world, each viewing the meaning of death differently. These meanings are handled in and modified through an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things him/her encounters (Blumer 1969). The meanings and symbols of death are different within each society. Whether its words, gestures, rules or roles, social interactionism focuses on the way people act through symbols, and the way we interpret and give meaning to the world through our interactions. A funeral is an all important(predicate) symbolic code that represents the feelings and meanings in which particular societies view death.Even as times are changing, people still believe it is important to visit places where mass-deaths start out occurred, such as ground zero or the German war memorials. The fascination with death has a big influence over the media people are captivated with pandemics and the death of the famous. People now experience social deaths as well as biological deaths. Elderly people with dementia, people who are in comas or who are severely disabled an unable to speak or communicate, are biologically living but socially are not. In this assay I will explore how symbolic interactionism influences funerals, considering the sociological issue of death, and analyse differences in the meaning of... ...atients? Kings College London Macmillan). (Walter, T. (1990) Funerals And How To Improve Them. Kent Hodder and Stoughton)(Bernat, J.L. (1998) A Defence of the Whole-Brain Concept of Death. battle of Hastings Cen tre Report). (Skelton et al 2002) In Kellehear, A. (2009) The Study of Dying From Autonomy to Transformation. United States of America Cambridge University Press)(Antonius C.G.M. Robben (2004) Death, Mourning and Burial A Cross-Cultural Reader. Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)(Douglas, J. (1974) Understanding terrene Life. Great Britain Routledge)( Turner, B. (200) The Blackwell Companion to Social Theory. (2nd Ed.) Malden, Massachusetts USA Blackwell Publishers Ltd.)(Turner, R. and Edgley, C. (1976) In Building Image, The Presentation of Self. http//www.sagepub.com/newman4study/resources/turner1.htm. Accessed on 04/05/12)